Chapter 10

Question 1

Edward Jones and colleagues (1984) have identified five dimensions that are particularly helpful in differentiating between harmful and benign stigmas:

Answer 1

course, concealability, aesthetic qualities, origin, and danger.

Question 2

Contrast refers to

Answer 2

the polarization or exaggeration of differences between the token and the dominant group.

Question 3

Assimilation occurs when

Answer 3

the token’s personal characteristics are distorted to be in line with expectations based on the stereotypes of that person’s group.

Question 4

Men in female-dominated professions may also find themselves on the fast track to promotion (Williams, 1992; Woodhams et al., 2015), an outcome called

Answer 4

the glass escalator effect.

Question 5

discrim effects on health pg 443 chart

Answer 5

kk

Question 6

There are three reasons it is important to consider how racist events can lead to trauma.

Answer 6

First, evidence supports the idea that knowledge of a discriminatory attack on a person who shares one’s identity—for example, someone of the same race, religion, or sexual orientation—is sufficient to produce a trauma response, even in people who do not directly experience the traumatic event. Second, viewing a racist incident online or through social media also may result in a trauma response for members of the victim’s group, even if they do not personally know the people in the videos. Finally, the trauma associated with racist attacks can be ongoing and repeated.

Question 7

Similar to the secondary victimization from hate crimes described in Chapter 9, these findings suggest that witnessing violence against a member of one’s group produces a

Answer 7

spillover effect that extends to the mental health of one’s community at large

Question 8

One of the things stigmatized group members have to deal with is

Answer 8

their knowledge of the stereotypic beliefs other people have about their group.

Question 9

Stereotype threat occurs when

Answer 9

members of a stigmatized group find themselves in a situation where negative stereotypes provide a possible framework for interpreting their behavior, the risk of being judged in light of those stereotypes can elicit a disruptive state that undermines performance and aspirations in that domain.

Question 10

Belief-based interventions involve

Answer 10

changing one’s beliefs about the negative stereotype.

Question 11

We begin by exploring a paradox: People often recognize discrimination against their group, but don’t believe

Answer 11

it has happened to them.

Question 12

Crosby’s (1984) surprising finding has led to a great deal of research on what is now known as the personal/group discrimination discrepancy (PGDD)—

Answer 12

people’s belief that their group, as a whole, is more likely to be discriminated against than they, themselves, are as individuals

Question 13

To decide to confront the prejudiced act, people must:

Answer 13

-recognize the behavior as prejudiced
-perceive it as an emergency that requires an immediate response
-feel a sense of personal responsibility for intervening
-decide on a course of action
-see the benefits of confronting as outweighing the costs (p. 30)

Question 14

stype lift

Answer 14

But research also suggests that this same information can provide a performance boost, or stereotype lift, for members of nonstereotyped groups (Walton & Cohen, 2003). This lift occurs when members of nonstereotyped groups engage in downward social comparisons; that is, when they evaluate their abilities by comparing themselves to others who perform worse than they do (

Question 15

Crosby’s (1984) surprising finding has led to a great deal of research on what is now known as the personal/group discrimination discrepancy (PGDD)—

Answer 15

people’s belief that their group, as a whole, is more likely to be discriminated against than they, themselves, are as individuals

Question 16

To decide to confront the prejudiced act, people must:

Answer 16

recognize the behavior as prejudiced
perceive it as an emergency that requires an immediate response
feel a sense of personal responsibility for intervening
decide on a course of action
see the benefits of confronting as outweighing the costs (p. 30)

Question 17

One coping strategy employed by stigmatized group members is psychological disengagement,

Answer 17

“a defensive detachment of self-esteem from outcomes in a particular domain, such that feelings of self-worth are not dependent on successes or failures in that domain”

Question 18

One way to manage this is through disidentification;

Answer 18

that is, by devaluing the domain (Schmader et al., 2001; Steele, 2010). When people disidentify with a domain, they redefine their self-concept to exclude that aspect from their self-image.

Question 19

One such strategy, behavioral compensation,

Answer 19

concerns how people behave when they expect to encounter discrimination. In such situations, people may try to counteract potential discrimination by changing their behavior in ways that disconfirm the stereotype

Question 20

carol miller study pg 470

Answer 20

kk

Question 21

This chapter examined the experience of people who are stigmatized group members—

Answer 21

people who are not members of the dominant or privileged group, who are thus deemed to be different from the dominant group. Individuals can experience prejudice as a result of their stigmatized status in terms of race, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, age, ability, appearance, socioeconomic status, religion, or immigration status.

Question 22

Five factors influence whether a stigma is benign or harmful:

Answer 22

course (the amount of time a stigma lasts, e.g., temporary versus permanent), concealability (whether a stigma can be hidden or is always apparent to others), aesthetic qualities (whether the stigma is related to physical attractiveness), origin (the cause of the stigma and whether it was under the control of the person or it was something that simply happened to them), and danger (whether the stigmatized group member is considered dangerous to others).

Question 23

Stigmas can be acquired by association:

Answer 23

People associate negative characteristics with dominant group members who socialize with or support stigmatized others.

Question 24

tokens

Answer 24

are individuals whose characteristics make them minorities in the context of a larger group; tokens stand out from the group because of the perceptual tendencies of visibility, contrast, and assimilation. Tokenism and the chilly climate that often accompanies it can have negative effects on the individuals who experience them.

Question 25

The minority stress model proposes that

Answer 25

both external and internal stressors affect the experience of discrimination. External stressors are objective events, such as microaggressions or bullying; internal stressors come from the learned expectation that one will be rejected because of a stigmatized group membership. These stressors affect physical health, producing hypertension, headaches, and other ailments, and mental health, producing effects such as depression and anxiety. Although strategies are available that reduce these effects, some strategies are dysfunctional and many put the burden on the stigmatized group member.

Question 26

Prejudice can result in trauma. Although the formal diagnosis of PTSD is reserved for violent acts of prejudice, symptoms of trauma can result from

Answer 26

witnessing prejudice acts, either close to home or in the media. When violent acts occur repeatedly over multiple generations, historical trauma can occur. Healing from prejudice-based trauma may include therapeutic techniques applied at an individual, group, or community level.

Question 27

Stereotype threat occurs when

Answer 27

stigmatized group members are aware that they are stereotyped and, especially in achievement settings, they fear confirming those stereotypes. This fear can then undermine performance by creating deficits in the way people process information. Stereotype threat affects both advantaged and disadvantaged groups and is part of people’s ongoing experience. Stereotype threat interventions include belief-based, identity-based, and resilience-based strategies.

Question 28

Nonstereotyped group members sometimes experience

Answer 28

stereotype lift, a gain that emerges from the same situations that produce stereotype threat for the stereotyped group.

Question 29

People do not always recognize discrimination against their group when it occurs. The personal/group discrimination discrepancy (PGDD) reflects

Answer 29

people’s beliefs that their group is more likely to experience discrimination than they are as individual group members. The PGDD has been demonstrated in a number of contexts and may result from cognitive factors, such as differences in how information about individuals and groups is processed, or by motivational factors, such as the desire to deny personal discrimination as a justification for not taking action against it.

Question 30

Several factors affect the decision to confront prejudice, including

Answer 30

first needing to recognize that behavior was prejudiced. Even when faced with obvious discrimination, people can be reluctant to confront discrimination, in part because there are social costs for doing so. Benefits to confronting discrimination also occur, although these are sometimes underestimated.

Question 31

People’s expectations determine whether they believe another’s behavior constitutes prejudice. Attributions to discrimination are more likely when

Answer 31

the perpetrator is an outgroup member, when the act can be attributed to an uncontrollable characteristic, such as race, or when the action occurs in a context linked to negative stereotypes about a group. People react especially negatively to being confronted by members of stigmatized groups. When people have their discriminatory actions pointed out to them, they sometimes try to repair their relationship with the confronter and the experience can result in their exhibiting less bias in the future.

Question 32

Even ingroup members who confront discrimination can be viewed negatively, especially if

Answer 32

the discriminatory act was not blatant. However, there are effective ways of responding to prejudice, including being assertive (but non-hostile) and appealing to the person’s sense of fairness and egalitarianism.

Question 33

Individuals can cope with discrimination by

Answer 33

psychologically disengaging or putting a psychological separation between themselves and the arena in which they might fail. This separation can be created by disidentification, or devaluing the domain. Doing so often has the unfortunate effect of lowering academic achievement.

Question 34

Individuals may also use behavioral compensation to cope with prejudice and discrimination. That is, they

Answer 34

change their behavior in ways that disconfirm the stereotypes others may hold of their group. However, people are not always able to judge how or when to effectively compensate for prejudice.

Question 35

Individuals can also confront stigma by reframing or self-labeling. These reappropriation strategies can sometimes work to

Answer 35

change the stigma itself, especially if accompanied by institutional changes such as in the legal system.

Question 36

It is important that dominant group members listen to people who have experienced

Answer 36

discrimination and recognize the cumulative effect that even seemingly small incidents of discrimination can have. It is this cumulative impact that is often most detrimental to those who experience discrimination.