Chapter 1 Flashcards
Jena 6” case
white students hung nooses from trees and they faced way less consequences for beating up black students than the other way around
disparities in police treatment btwn b and w
For example, a comprehensive analysis of nearly 100 million traffic stops across the United States showed that Black drivers were 20 percent more likely to be pulled over than White drivers relative to their numbers in the population and, once stopped, were about twice as likely to have their car searched. These inequities occurred even though Black drivers were less likely to have drugs or other contraband than White drivers (Pierson et al., 2020). Similarly, the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that Black drivers were more likely to be pulled over than White or Hispanic drivers but that, once stopped, both Black and Hispanic drivers were more likely to be searched or frisked by the police than White drivers (Langton & Durose, 2013). Racial disparities are also evident in the way police officers speak to drivers. For example, Nicholas Camp and colleagues (2021) edited recordings from police officers’ body-worn cameras. The actual words spoken were obscured so that only the police officer’s tone, rhythm, and quality of voice were discernable. These clips were then rated by college students and members of the general public; results showed the officers speaking to Black drivers were rated as less friendly, more tense, and less respectful than officers speaking to White drivers.
Racism
the need to ascribe bone-deep features to people and then humiliate, reduce, and destroy them
race and racism
re … But race is the child of racism, not the father
is race social or biological
The concept of race as we now use it developed, then, not as a set of biological categories but rather as a set of social categories. Yet its social nature does not diminish the psychological importance of race: It remains a fundamental basis for how people think about and interact with each other- also ppl used to be able to change their race legally lol
Although, as psychologists, we will be focusing on prejudice and discrimination at the individual level, it is important to consider how
people’s cultures influence their behavior, attitudes, beliefs, and other psychological characteristics, including those related to prejudice and discrimination
how does privilege affect the groups that have it and the groups that dont
Privilege for one group entails loss for other groups. It is impossible to be privileged without withholding the benefits you and your group members enjoy from members of other groups.
why do ppl have a hard time accepting their privilege
bc they dont wanna think they are contributing to hurting other ppl
critical hope
Privilege for one group entails loss for other groups. It is impossible to be privileged without withholding the benefits you and your group members enjoy from members of other groups.
Social scientists differentiate between the concepts of stereotypes—
organized beliefs about the characteristics of members of various groups, prejudice—attitudes toward group members, and discrimination—behavior toward group members. Each concept exists at multiple levels in society. Discrimination, for example, can be discussed at the individual level, based on people’s personal beliefs, at the organizational level, based on the culture that drives decision making, or at the institutional level, based on attitudes and beliefs sanctioned by institutions or governing bodies. Discrimination also occurs at the cultural level, stemming from the powerful group establishing and maintaining its dominance by rewarding the values that correspond to its views and punishing those that do not.
People are often unaware of the ways in which culture influences their thoughts and beliefs, and this lack of awareness can lead to bias. People from privileged groups are also often unaware of
of the unearned advantages they enjoy simply because they are members of a dominant group; that these privileges come at a cost to the nonprivileged often goes unrecognized. Privileged status is afforded to White people, men, heterosexuals, and the able-bodied, among other groups.
Social scientists have examined prejudices toward specific groups, such as racism, sexism, classism, and ageism, and, although the overall process might be similar across groups, the study of each offers
unique insights and raises unique concerns. These “isms” are based in prejudices, but they go beyond them to encompass a belief system or ideology based on group superiority and domination. Too often, prejudices toward members of these social groups go unrecognized, in part because people have mixed or ambivalent feelings about some social groups.
People are members of more than one social group at a time, a concept known as
intersectionality. For example, a person has an ethnicity, a gender identity, a social class, and a sexuality. Some intersectional identities are valued by society, such as White male; others, such as Black lesbian, are marginalized. The content of people’s stereotypes about a group, such as Asians, differs depending on whether they are thinking about Asian women or Asian men.
The study of stereotyping and prejudice, including racism, developed in large part as
a response to laws and customs in the United States, although researchers in other countries have also made important contributions to our understanding of this topic
The concept of scientific racism
defined as researchers trying to demonstrate empirically the superiority of one group over another, was introduced to explain how beliefs were used to justify the status quo.
