Chapter 1 Handouts Flashcards
_________ used the term Tabula Rasa, meaning blank slate, to describe the mind of a child, whereas _______ believed we are born with innate types of knowledge.
Aristotle / Plato
Plato’s views are associated with ________, whereas Aristotle’s views are associated with _________
Nativism / Philosophical Empiricism
By studying a patient who had language difficulties, a French surgeon, ___________ demonstrated that brain damage could cause problems with mental functions.
Paul Broca
The physiologist ______________ contributed to psychology by studying how quickly nerve impulses travel to the brain.
Herman von Helmholtz
___________ established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, and his ideas led to their approach called ______________
Wilhelm Wundt / Structuralism
___________ focused on studying the basic elements of the mind, whereas _________ focused on how the mind helped people adapt.
Wilhelm Wundt / William James
___________ believed that consiousness flowed and developed the perspective called _________
Rene Descartes / Dualism
Charles Darwin proposed the idea of natural selection, and this concept inspired the approach to psychology called:
Functionalism
Psychologists who compare how well people in different countries across the world hide disappointment when receiving a disappointing gift:
Cultural Psychologists
Psychologists who study how damage to the right hemisphere of the brain impacts the ability to recognize faces:
Cognitive Psychologists
Psychologists who explore how to help students retrieve memories for specific information when taking a test:
Behavioral Psychologists
Psychologists who explore how conflicts in early childhood unconsciously impact a person’s feelings and thoughts:
Psychoanalytical Psychologists
Psychologists who explore how certain behaviors are passed genetically from generation to generation due to natural selection:
Evolutionary Psychologists
Psychologists who emphasize helping people reach their greatest potential:
Humanistic Psychologists
Psychologists who use reinforcement techniques to increase class attendance behavior:
Behavioral Neuroscience Psychologists
____________ is the scienftific study of mind and behavior:
Psychology
Philosphical _________ is the view that all knowledge is acquired through experience:
Empiricism
_____________ argued that body and mind are different - the body is made of material substance, whereas the mind (or soul) is made of an immaterial spiritual substance:
Rene Descarte
The first laboratory devoted entirely to psychology was opened by __________ at the University of Leipzig in 1879.
Wilhelm Wundt
The psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the importance of __________ mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.
Unconscious
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were pioneers of _______ psychology, which emphasizes the positive potential of individuals:
Humanistic
A ________ _________ refers to the double jeopardy people face when they are at risk of confirming a negative stereotype of their group:
Stereotype threat
Instead of having people describe conscious experiences, Watson proposed that psychologists focus entirely on the study of observable _________:
Behaviors
_______ _______ _______ was the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology.
Margaret Floy Washburn
B.F. Skinner wrote a series of books about a possible utopia created through the proper use of the principle of ___________:
Reinforcement
According to Gestalt psychology, the mind imposes ___________ on what it perceives.
Organization
Broadly speaking, evolutionary psychology based much of its foundation in _______ _______ theory of natural selection.
Charles Darwin
___________ psychology emerged in the 1930s, largely in reaction to historical events, such as the rise of Nazism, and the Holocaust.
Social
___________ psychologists try to understand which phenomena change based on culture and which are universal.
Cultural
The largest subfield of psychology, _________ psychology, focuses on the assessment and treatment of mental disorders.
Health
