Chapter 1: Cancer & Nutrition-Significance & Background Flashcards

1
Q

5 most common types of cancer in the US for men

A
Prostate
Lung
Colorectal
Urinary Bladder
Melanoma
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2
Q

What fraction of cancer deaths are related to obesity, physical activity and poor nutrition?

A

1/3

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3
Q

Which 2 nutrients play a role in DNA repair?

A

Selenium and Folate

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4
Q

T or F: TNM Classification for tumor staging refers to — Tumor Nodes Mass

A

False

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5
Q

“Apoptosis” refers to

A

Programmed Cell Death - “a programmed sequence of events leads to the elimination of cells”

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6
Q

One of the most widely used tumor staging tools is known as:

A

TNM - The Tumor, lymph Nodes, and Metastasis classification system

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7
Q

Grade G2 is associated with what type of differentiation?

A

Intermediate Grade

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8
Q

T of F: A palpable tumor can still be classified as T1 Disease?

A

False - T1 is defined as “not palpable or visible by imaging”

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9
Q

73 year old male diagnosed with T3N2Mx Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Summarize the primary tumor via the TNM system

A

Tumor extends to the neighboring tissue

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10
Q

Food components such as Curcumin may play a role in carcinogenesis by inducing apoptosis and by inhibiting angiogenesis. What food product should be recommended to increase intake of Curcumin?

A

Tumeric

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11
Q

There is evidence that nutrients may play a protective role in carcinogenesis. What nutrient can be both protective of carcinogenesis and alternatively accelerate cancer cell proliferation, depending on the stage of carcinogenesis the cell is in?

A

Folate - adequate folate has been shown to be associated with lower cancer risk however, once carcinogenesis has begun folate can accelerate it

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12
Q

Which nutrient in the form of calcium leucovorin may be used to “rescue” patients from methotrexate toxicity or alternatively enhance the effectiveness of drugs such as 5-fluorouracil?

A

Folate

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13
Q

A new oncology fellow asks you how you can help a cancer patient using nutrition. You tell her that nutrition intervention during cancer treatment is associated with:

A

Fewer side effects, fewer hospitalizations, and better quality of life

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14
Q

The cause of most cancers can be attributed to?

A

Internal factors - like hormones and immune system

External factors - like infection, environmental toxins, and behaviors like smoking, sunlight exposure and unhealthy diet

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15
Q

A 55 year old woman diagnosed with cancer. What nutrition issue may she encounter in the early post-treatment time?

What long term side effects might effect her cancer survivorship?

A

Early post-treatment: Fatigue, Endocrine disorders, and Cognitive deficits

Long term post treatment: Weight Changes, cognitive deficits, and endocrine disorders

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16
Q

Supplementation of this nutrient is suspected of increasing rate of colorectal cancer?

A

Folate

17
Q

What does the TNM stand for when used for staging?

A

T: size and/or extent of the tumor
N: extent of spread to local lymph nodes
M: presence of distant metastasis

18
Q

What is the term for the process by which normal cells transform into cancer cells, usually as a result of accumulating genetic damage?

A

Carcinogenesis

19
Q

Which nutrient can help prevent methotrexate toxicity? In what form?

A

Folate — in the form of calcium leucovorin

It is also used to enhance the effectiveness of drugs that target enzymes that use folate as a cofactor such as 5-fluorouracil.

20
Q

What are the 5 most common cancer types in the U.S for women?

A
breast
lung
colorectal
uterine
thyroid
21
Q

What nutrients may have an effect during cell cycle arrest and aptosis?

A

selenium and curcumin

22
Q

Food components that have protective effects in carcinogenesis. What mechanism of action is found for the following components?

Folate
Curcumin
Indole-3-Carbinol
Selenium

A

Folate - DNA synthesis and DNA repair

Curcumin - Induce apoptosis and inhibit angiogenesis

Indole-3-Carbinol - Influence estrogen regulation and induce cell cycle arrest

Selenium - Alter hormone regulation

23
Q

What are potential nutritions issue during initial cancer treatment?

A
Anorexia
Taste changes
GI symptoms (i.e. N/V/D)
24
Q

Name different types of cancer screening methods and give examples

A

physical examination: breast/testicle self exams, skin exam looking for pigmentation

blood tests: PSA

imaging: mammograms, colonoscopies

molecular tests: genotyping

25
Q

Explain the different grades of the Tumor part of TNM

A
Tx=cannot be evaluated
T0=no evidence of tumor
Tis=in situ, abnormal cells that have not spread, possibly precancerous
T1=not palpable or visible by imaging
T2=confined to primary cancer site
T3=extends to neighboring tissue
T4=metastatic disease
26
Q

Explain the different grades of the Lymph Nodes part of TNM

A

Nx=regional lymph nodes cannot be evaluated
N0=no regional lymph node involvement
N1, 2, 3=involvement of regional lymph nodes (number/extent of spread)

27
Q

Explain the different grades of the Metastasis part of TNM

A

Mx=distant metastasis cannot be evaluated
M0=no distant metastasis
M1=distant metastasis present

28
Q

Explain the Histological Cancer Tumor Grading System

A
Gx - undetermined/can't be assessed
G1 - well-differentiated (low grade)
G2 - moderately differentiated (intermediate grade)
G3 - poorly differentiated (high grade)
G4 - undifferentiated (high grade)
29
Q

Potential Nutrition Issues - Cancer Prevention

A
Obesity, body fatness
Energy-dense food intake
Excessive micro nutrient intake from dietary supplements
food contaminants (toxins, chemicals)
30
Q

Potential Nutrition Issues - Initial Treatment

A
Side Effects of Treatment
Fatigue
Pain
Anorexia
Treatment-related cachexia
Immuno-suppression
Weight/body composition changes
Drug-nutrition interactions
31
Q

Potential Nutrition Issues - Early Post Treatment

A
Fatigue
Pain
Endocrine disorders
Weight / body composition changes
cognitive deficits
dental caries/complications
32
Q

Potential Nutrition Issues - Long term Cancer Survivorship

A
weight changes
osteoporosis
endocrine disorders
cardiovascular complications
cognitive deficits
dental caries/complications