Chapter 1 - Brain Flashcards
1
Q
Franz Gall
A
- behavior, intellect, and personality are linked to brain anatomy
- phrenology - brain expands when trait is larger. Cause large head
- measure attributes by measuring brain
2
Q
Pierre Flourens
A
- functions of sections of brain
- extirpation/ablation - remove part of brain and observe behavior
- specific parts have specific functions
3
Q
william james
A
- functionalism - how thought leads to adaption to environment
4
Q
John Dewey
A
- functionalism
- study whole organism as it adapts to environment
5
Q
Paul Broca
A
- link lesions to specific impairments
- speech connected to specific left side area (Broca’s area)
6
Q
Hermann von Helmholtz
A
- measure speed of nerve impulse
- bridge to natural science
7
Q
Charles Sherrington
A
- existance of synapses
- originally thought of as an electrical process but is actually chemical
8
Q
sensory neurons
A
- aka afferent
- transmit sensory info
- spinal cord to brain
9
Q
motor neurons
A
- aka efferent
- brain to spinal cord to muscles/glands
10
Q
Interneuron
A
between neurons and are most numerous neuron
mostly in spinal cord and brain
reflexive behavior
11
Q
reflex arc
A
- immediate response to a stimulus without the help of the brain
- uses interneurons
- info sent to the brain but reflex has already occured
12
Q
nervous system divisions
A
- central - brain and spinal cord
- peripheral - nerve tissue and fibers outside of the brain, spinal nerves and cranial nerves, olfactory and optic nerves
- somatic
- autonomic
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
13
Q
somatic nervous system
A
- sensory and motor neurons
- sensory - afferent
- motor - efferent
14
Q
autonamic nervous system
A
- regulate heartbeat, respiration, digestion, glands, body temp
- involuntary muscle control
- sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are antagonistic - oppose each other
15
Q
parasympathetic nervous system
A
- conserve energy
- reduce heart rate, constrict bronchi, increase digestion, constrict pupils, stimulate saliva, contracts bladder
- acetylcholine is the responsible NT
16
Q
sympathetic nervous system
A
- activated by stress
- fight or flight
- rage and fear reactions
- increase heart rate, blood to muscles, relax bronchi, increase blood glucose, decrease digestion, dilate eyes, release epinephrine into blood
- secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
17
Q
Layers of meninges
A
- meninges - connective tissue. protects brain, anchors to skull, resorb CSF
- closest to brain - pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
- superficial to meninges is the bone then periosteum and skin
18
Q
Overall brain structure
A
- hindbrain and midbrain form the brainstem
- most primitive
- forebrain - includes limbic system (emotion and memory - aggression, fear, pleasure, pain)
- cerebral cortex - most recent evolutionarily
19
Q
hindbrain
A
- rhombencephalon - controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, arousal (sleep/wake)
- divides into -
- myelencephalon - medulla oblongata - vital functions
- metencephalon - pons and cerebellum
- pons - pathway between cortex and medulla
- cerebellum - posture, balance, coordinate body movement
- impaired by alcohol
20
Q
midbrain
A
- mesencephalon - receive motor and sensory info from body
- involuntary response to visual/audio stimuli
- superior colliculus - visual sensory input
- inferior colliculus - auditory sensory input
21
Q
forebrain
A
- prosencephalon - complex perceptual, cognitive, behavioral processes. Emotion and memory
- greatest influence on human behavior
- telencephalon - cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
- diencephalon - thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, pineal gland
22
Q
neuropsychology
A
- functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain
- study brain lesions in order to see affected behavior/function
- difficult in humans, use lab animals and precisely cause lesion
23
Q
cortical maps
A
- electrically stimulate the brain and make a map
- use patient input to make map
24
Q
electroencephalogram (EEG)
A
- monitor electrical activity of large groups of neurons
- place electrodes on the scalp
- noninvasive
- map brain
25
Q
regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
A
- broad patterns based on increase blood flow to areas of the brain
- assumes blood flow increases as brain is active
- uses radioactive blood dye
26
Q
Common brain scanning methods
A
CT - computed tomography - X rays at different angles to make cross sectional images
PET - positron emission tomography - track radioactive sugar
MRI - magnetic resonance imaging - magnetic field and maps hydrogen density
fMRI - functional MRI - measures changes associated with blood flow. monitor neural activity
27
Q
thalamus
A
relay input sensory info
all senses except smell
sort and transmit to cortex
28
Q
hypothalamus
A
homeostatic functions (metabolism, temp, water), emotions (arousal, aggression, sex), control endocrine, autonomic NS, hunger, thirst, sexual behavior
lateral - eating and drinking (LH, lacks hunger when destroyed)
ventromedial - satiety center. signals stop eating (VMH, very much hungry when destroyed)
anterior - sexual behavior, sleep, body temp (A, asexual, when destroyed)
Four F’s - feeding, fighting, flighting, functioning (sexual)
29
Q
posterior pituitary and pineal gland
A
- post. pituitary - release hypothalamic hormones such as ADH and oxytocin
- pineal - secrete melatonin - regulate circadian rhythms
- signals from retina to coordinate with sunlight
30
Q
basal ganglia
A
- coordinate muscle movement
- receive info from cortex and relay
- extrapyramidal system - gather info about pody position and sends to CNS
- smooth movement and steady posture
- parkinsons - destruction of basal ganglia
31
Q
limbic system
A
- emotion and memory
- septal nuclei - primary pleasure center - associated with addiction
- amygdala - defensive and aggresive behavior
- fear and rage
- hippocampus - learning and memory processes
- consolidate into long term memory
- communicate through the fornix
32
Q
anterograde and retrograde amnesia
A
anterograde - not being able to establish new long term memories. Prior memory intact
retrograde - memory loss of events before brain injury
33
Q
cerebral cortex
A
aka neocortex
- bumps are gyri
- folds are sulci
- cerebral hemispheres are the halves
- frontal - executive function
- parietal - touch, temp, pain
- occipital - vision
- temporal - hearing
34
Q
frontal lobe
A
- prefrontal cortex - executive function - perception, memory, emotion, impulse, long term planning
- association area - integrates input from diverse brain regions
- primary motor cortex - precentral gyrus - initiates voluntary motor movements
- Brocas area - speech, in dominant hemisphere
35
Q
projection area
A
rudimentary or simple perceptual and motor tasks
- processes sensory information
36
Q
homunculus
A
- motor - maps areas of brain used for motor skills. Fine motor skills use larger area than proportional to that body part
- somatosensory - sensitive areas like fingers and face have large areas on map
37
Q
parietal lobe
A
- somatosensory cortex - postcentral gyrus
- destination for all sensory input signals for touch, pressure, temp, and pain
- central parietal - spatial processing and manipulation - mapreading
- orient in 3D space
38
Q
occipital lobe
A
- visual cortex - aka striate cortex
- sensation and perception of visual info
39
Q
temporal lobe
A
- auditory cortex - sound processing - speech, music, other
- wernickes area - larguage reception and comprehension
- also helps with memory processing, emotion, language
40
Q
contralaterally and ipsilaterally
A
- contra - one side of brain communicates with opposite side of the body
- motor neurons
- ipsa - same side of brain and body communicate
- hearing
41
Q
dominant hemisphere
A
- usually left
- more stimulated during language reception adn production
- analytic in function - language, logic, math
- not determined by handedness
42
Q
nondominant hemisphere
A
- usually right
- intuition, creativity, music cognition, spacial processing
- emotional tone of language
- faces, music, emotion, geometry, sense of direction
43
Q
acetylcholine
A
- CNS and PNS
- muscle control
- excite skeletal and inhibit cardiac muscle
- CNS - attention and arousal, excitatory
- parasympathetic and efferent (motor) of somatic
- sympathetic - small influence - in ganglia and innervate sweat glands
44
Q
epinephrine and norepinephrine
A
- catecholamines
- monoamines
- experience of emotions
- control alertness
- sympathetic NS - promote flight or fight
- norepi at local level, epi at systemic (from adrenal medulla)
- low norepi - depression
- high norepi - anxiety and mania
45
Q
dopamine
A
- catecholamine
- monoamine
- movement and posture
- high conc in basal ganglia
- dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia - symptoms caused by too much dopamine or oversensitivity
- parkinsons - loss of dopaminergic neurons
46
Q
serotonin
A
- monoamine
- mood, eating, sleeping, dreaming
- high - manic
- low - depression
47
Q
GABA, Glycine, Glutamate
A
- GABA - gamma-amminobutyric acid
- inhibitory postsynaptic potentials - stabilize neural activity
- cause hyperpolarization
- glycine - inhbitory NT in CNS. Increase Cl- into neuron, hyperpolarize
- glutamate - excitatory NT
48
Q
peptide NT
A
- neuromodulators aka neuropeptides
- chain of events cause effect
- slower and longer effects
- endorphins - natural painkillers. similar to morphine/opioids
- enkephalins is a relative
49
Q
hypophyseal portal system
A
- hypothalamus links the endocrine and nervous systems
- controls function of pituitary gland and hormone release
- portal system connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
50
Q
pituitary gland
A
- anterior and posterior
- anterior - master gland
- FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, endorphins, GH
- regulate activity of other endocrine glands
- posterior - ADH, oxytocin
51
Q
adrenal glands
A
- top of kidneys
- medulla and cortex
- medulla - epi and norepi
- cortex - corticosteroids such as cortisol, testosterone, estrogen
52
Q
innate behavior
A
- genetically programmed as a result of evolution
- regardless of environment
53
Q
learned behaviors
A
- not hereditary
- experience and environment
54
Q
adaptive value
A
- extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species
- leads to adapation and natural selection
55
Q
nature v. nurture
A
- genetics vs environmental influence
- combination of both influences
56
Q
family studies
A
- compare rate of trait within a family to rate of the trait in general population
- cannot distinguish between environment and genetic influence
57
Q
twin studies
A
- concordance rate - likelihood that both twins exhibit the same trait
- monozygotic are identical and have 100% same genes
- dizygotic have about 50% same genes
- difference between mono and di twins is likely hereditary factor
- compare twins raised together and seperate to test environment
58
Q
adoption study
A
- compare adoptive child to bio parents and to adoptive parents
- bio parents have same genes different environment
- adoptive parents have different genes and the same environment
59
Q
neurulation
A
- ectoderm overlying the notocord begins to furroe and form neural groove surrounded by two neural folds
- leading edge of neural fold are neural crest
- forms disparate tissue - dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes, and calcitonin producing cells (thyroid)
- Close furrow to form neural tube - CNS
- alar plate of neural tube - sensory neurons
- basal plate of neural tube - motor neurons
- neural tube folds on itself several times to become the brain
60
Q
rubella
A
cataracts
deafness
heart defects
mental retardation
61
Q
Pharmaceuticals during pregancy
A
thalidomide - malformed limbs, taken to combast morning sickness
antiepileptic - neural tube defects. spina bifida and anencephaly
62
Q
environmental factors during pregnancy
A
- malnutrition - leading cause of abnormal development
- slow growth, mental retardation, reduce immunity
- cigarettes - slow growth, high heart rate, premature birth
- alcohol - slow growth
- X-rays
63
Q
primitive reflexes
A
- disappear with age
- rooting - turning head to touch of cheek
- sucking and swallowing
- moro - abrupt movement of head causes flinging out arms and slowly retracting them and crying
- asymmetric response could mean neuromuscular problem
- babinski - toes spread apart when sole of foot stimulated
- grasping - close fingers around object
64
Q
motor skill development
A
- same age and order therefore used to assess child
- uncoordinated movements lead to coordinated movements later
- gross motor skills - large muscles/whole body, sitting, crawling, walking
- fine motor skills - small muscles, specific and delicate, drawing, catching, waving
65
Q
social development
A
- stranger anxiety - 7 months
- seperation anxiety - 12 months
- soliatry to onlooker play
- parallel play - 2 years
- gender identity - 3 years, gender psecific play, knows full name
- age 5 - conform to peers, romantic feelings
- 6-12 - same sex friend circles
- 13+ self sufficient and desire independence and rebell, cross gender friendship, sexual orientation and relationships
66
Q
developmental milestones
A
- themes
- social - parental to self to others oriented
- language and motor skills become more complex
- begin very basic
- motor - head to toe and core to extremities
