Ch 7 - Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
Two approaches to disorders
A
- biomedical - intervention for symptom reduction
- does not account for environmental sources of disorder
- biopsychosocial - bio, psych, and social components to the disorder
- broader spectrum approach than biomedical
- direct therapy - treatment acts directly on an individual
- medication, meet with psychologist
- indirect therepy - increase social support
2
Q
DSM
A
- diasnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
- diagnostic tool
- based on description of symptoms
- not based on theories or treatments
- US has greatest prevalence of
- phobias
- social and general anxiety
- major depression
- alcohol use
- PTSD
3
Q
Schizophrenia
A
- psychotic disorder - delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized behavior, catatonia, negative symptoms
- must have one or more continuous symptom for 6 months and 1 month of active delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech)
- positive symptoms - behaviors, thoughts, and feelings added to normal behavior
- delusions and hallucinations, disorganized thought and catatonic behavior
- negative symptoms - absence of normal or desired behavior
- disturbance of affect or avolition
4
Q
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
A
- delusions - false beliefs, not shared by others
- delusion of reference - elements in environment are directed toward them (TV is talking to them)
- of persecution - beleif that they are being discriminated againts, threatened
- of grandeur - belief that they are remarkable (inventor, historical figure, icon)
- thought of broadcasting - belief that thoughts are broadcasted to external world
- thought insertion - belief that thoughts are placed on one’s head
- hallucinations - perceptions that have a compelling sense of reality but are false
- hearing voices most common
- disorganized thought - loosening of associations, word salad
- neologisms - invent new words
- disorganized behavior - inability to care out activities of daily living
- catatonia - motor behavior impared. rigid posture, random movements
- echolalia - repeating someone elses words
- echopraxia - imitating anothers actions
5
Q
Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia
A
- disturbance of affect -
- affect - experience and display of emotion
- blunting - reduced intensity of affect
- flat affect - no signs of emotional expression
- inappropriate affect - affect does not match the speech
- avolition - decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions
6
Q
Prodromal phase
A
- before diagnosis of schizophrenia
- social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, unusual experiences
- then active symptoms
- slow onset is poor prognosis
- quick onset is better prognosis
7
Q
Major depressive disorder
A
- mood disorder
- at least one major depressive episode - at least 2 weeks with at least 5 symptoms, one symptom must be depressed mood or anhedonia
- Sad + SIG E CAPS
- persistant depressed mood
- anhedonia - loss of interest in formerly enjoyable activities
- appetite disturbances
- weight change
- sleep disturbance
- decreased energy
- feeling worthless or guilty
- difficulty concentrating
- psychomotor symptoms (feeling slowed down)
- thoughts of death or suicide
- High suicide rate (15%)
8
Q
persistant depressive disorder
A
- dysthymia - does not meet major depression criteria, but has depressed mood for at least 2 years
- may have occational major depressive episodes
9
Q
Seasonal affective disorder
A
- seasonal onset of major depressive disorder
- only present during winter
- bright light therapy
10
Q
bipolar disorder
A
- depression and mania
- manic episodes - abnormal and persistently elevated mood lasting at least one week
- DIG FAST
- increased distractibility, less sleep, inflated self esteem/grandiosity, racing thoughts, increased agitation and activity, increase talk, high risk behavior
- grandiosity (all powerful, famous, or wealthy)
- rapid on set, shorter lasting then depressive episodes
- Bipolar I - manic episodes without depressive episodes
- Bipolar II - hypomania and at least one major depressive episode
- hypomania - not function impairing, but more energetic nad optimistic
- cyclothymic - combo of hypomanic and dysthymia (non major depressive episodes)
11
Q
Catecholamine theory of depression
A
- too much norepi and serotonin causes mania
- too little causes depression
- aka monoamine theory of depression
12
Q
generalized anxiety disorder
A
- disproportionate and persistant worry about many different things for at least 6 months
- may lead to physical symptoms
13
Q
Specific phobias
A
- type of anxiety disorder
- desire to avoid something
- produced by specific object or situation
14
Q
Social anxiety disorder
A
- anxiety due to social situations
- fear when in social or performing situations
15
Q
Agoraphobia
A
- anxiety characterized by fear of being in a places or situations where it might be hard to escape
16
Q
panic disorder
A
- repeated panic attacks
- fear anf apprehension
- trembling
- sweating
- hypervent
- sense of unreality
- common with agoraphobia
17
Q
OCD
A
- Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder
- obsessions - persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses that produce tensions
- compulsions - repetitive tasks
- obsessions raise the stress level and compulsions are used to neutralize the stressor
18
Q
Body dysmorphic disorder
A
- unrealistic negative evaluation of personal appearence and attractiveness
19
Q
PTSD
A
- intrusion symptoms - recurrent reliving the event, flashbacks, nightmares
- avoidance symptoms - deliberate attempts to avoid triggers associated with the trauma
- negative cognitive symptoms - inability to recall key features of the event, negative mood, distant from others, negative view on world
- arousal symptoms - increased startle response, irritability, anxiety, self destruction, sleep disturbances
- need symptoms for at least 1 month
- Acute stress disorder - same symptoms for more than 3 days but less than a month
20
Q
Dissociative Disorders
A
- avoid stress by escaping identity
- dissociative amnesia - inability to recall past events, but no neurological reason
- dissociative fugue - unexpected move or wandering from home, confused about identity, assume new identity sometimes
- dissociative identity disorder (DID) - 2 or more personalities recurrently take control of behaviors
- often due to child sex abuse
- depersonalization/derealization disorder - feel detached from mind and body (depersonalized), or detached from surroundings (derealization)
21
Q
Somatic symptom
A
- Somatic symptom disorder - physical symptom that causes disproportional concerns about seriousness and increases anxiety
- illness anxiety disorder - consumed in thoughts about developing a major medical condition but no physical symptom
- conversion disorder - unexplained symptoms affecting coluntary motor and sensory functions
- aka hysteria
- often occurs after witnessing a traumatic event
- la belle indifference - person not concerned about their unexplained symptoms
22
Q
personality disorder
A
- behavior pattern that is inflexible and impairs at least two of the following
- cognition, emotions, interpersonal function, impulse control
- eog - syntonic : individual perceives behavior as normal
- ego-dystonic - individual sees illness as something instrusive
- 3 clusters of general personality disorders
23
Q
Cluster A personality disorders
A
- odd or eccentric behavior
- paranoid - distrust of others, suspicion of motives. May be in prodromal schizophrenia stage
- Schizotypal - odd or eccentric thinking
- ideas of reference - things talking to them, not as intense at delusions of reference)
- magical thinking - supserstitions
- Schizoid - detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression
24
Q
Cluster B personality disorders
A
- dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior
- antisocial - more common in males, disregard for and violations of others rights
- aggressiveness, illegal acts, lack remorse
- borderline - more common in females, interpersonal relationships are intense and unstable
- identity disturbance about sexuality, long term goals, values
- fear abandonment
- splitting - view people as all good or all bad
- suicide and self mutilation are common
- histrionic - attention seeking, may use seductive behavior
- narcissistic - high self importance, need attention, concerned about how others view them
- when not viewed favorably - rage, inferiority, shame, humiliation, emptiness
25
Q
Cluster C
A
- behavior is anxious or fearful
- avoidant - extreme shyness and fear of rejection
- see themselves as socially inept, and isolated
- will keep same environment even though they want change
- dependent - continuous need for reassurance
- obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)
- perfectionistic and inflexible
- not the same as OCD
- OCD is ego-dystonic
- OCPD is ego-syntonic
26
Q
Bio of schizophrenia
A
- genetic and increased risk due to hypoxia at birth, weed use as teen
- excess dompamine
- neuroleptics - block dompamine receptors
27
Q
Bio of depression and bipolar
A
- depression:
- high glucose metabolism in amygdala
- hippocampus atrophy after prolonged illness
- high glucocorticoids (cortisol)
- decrease norepi, serotonin, dopamine
- bipolar :
- increased norepi and serotonin
- high risk if parent has it
- high risk for MS patients
28
Q
Bio of alzheimers
A
- family history
- higher education decreases risk
- beta amyloid gene on chromosome 21
- higher risk for down syndrome patients
- Markers :
- brain atrophy (CT/MRI)
- flatten sulci on cortex
- enlarged ventricles
- deficient blood flow to parietal lobes
- low ACh and choline acetyltransferase (makes ACh)
- low metabolism in temp and parietal lobes
- senile plaques of beta amyloid (misfolded protein in beta sheet)
- neurofibrillary tangles of protein
29
Q
bio of Parkinsons
A
- bradykinesia - slow movement
- resting tremor
- pill rolling tremor
- maskline facies - mouth partially open and staring eyes
- cogwheel rigidity - muscle tension that hinders movement of limb
- shuffling gait and stooped posture
- deceased dopamine production in substantia migra ( layer of cells in brain)
- affect basal ganglia
- L - DOPA : medication that is precursor to dopamine that can increase levels
