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MCAT Psych/soc > Ch 10 - Social Thinking > Flashcards

Ch 10 - Social Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

interpersonal attraction

A
  • individuals liking each other
    • similatorit, self disclosure, reciprocity, proximity
  • golden ration - body proportions that are 1.618 : 1 are the most attractive
  • similar attitudes, intelligence, education, height, age, religion, appearance, SES
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2
Q

self disclosure

A
  • sharing fears, thoughts, goals without the other person having judgmental empathy
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3
Q

reciprocal liking

A
  • people like others better when they believe the other person likes them
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4
Q

Proximity

A
  • physically close to someone
    • share a dorm, sit close to
    • convenience
  • mere exposure effect (familiarity effect) - people prefer stimulu that they have been exposed to more frequently
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5
Q

aggression

A
  • behavior that causes harm or increases social dominance
  • threat displays
  • offers protection against perceived and real threats
    • evolutionarily can help survival or obtain food
  • amygdala actvivation increases aggression
  • testosterone increases aggression
  • cognitive neoassociaton model - aggression more likely when feeling negative emotions (tired, hungry, pain, frustrated)
  • increased with exposure to violent behavior
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6
Q

attachment

A
  • emotional bond between caregiver and child
  • secure - healthiest situation, consistant caregiver that is a stable base
    • child upset when they leave and heppy when they return
  • avoidant - caregiver has littler to no response to distressed child
    • no preference between caregiver and stranger
  • ambivalent - caregiver has inconsistent response to distress
    • unable to form strong base
    • distressed when caregiver leaves, but ambivalent when they return
    • aka anxious ambivalent (anxious about reliability)
  • disorganized - no pattern of behavior
    • erratic behavior and social withdrawal
    • sign of abuse
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7
Q

social support

A
  • perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network
  • emotional - listening, affirming, empathizing
  • esteem - affirm skills or qualities in person
  • material - (tangible support) financial or material contribution
  • informational support
  • network support - sense of belonging
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8
Q

foraging

A
  • seek out food and eat
  • bio - hunger controlled by hypothalamus (lateral promotes) (ventromedial supresses)
    • genetics
  • learned behavior for many species (observational)
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9
Q

mating system

A
  • organization of group’s sexual behavior
  • monogamy
  • polygamy
    • polygyny - male with several females
    • polyandry - female with several males
  • promiscuity - one sex mating with any member of the other sex
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10
Q

mate choice

A
  • aka intersexual selection
  • selection of mate based on attraction
  • mate bias - how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate
  • direct benefits - material advantage, protection, emotional support
  • indirect benefits - promote better survival in offspring
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11
Q

Mechanism of mate choice

A
  • phenotypic benefits
  • sensory bias - develop trait to match preexisting preference
  • Fisherian or runaway selection - positive feedback mechanism
    • trait that is neutral or negative towards survival is deemed sexually desireable
      • ex. peacock feathers
  • indicator traits - signify overall good health and well being
  • genetic compatibility - complementary genetics
    • reduce recessive disorders
    • reduce homozygous for disease carrying allele
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12
Q

Altruism

A
  • helping behavior where benefit someone else while costing themselves
    • motivated by selflessness or egoism anf ulterior motives such as public recognition
  • empathy (ability to feel emotions of someone else) influences this behavior
  • empathy-altruism hypothesis - theory to explain why someone helps someone else even though it will cost them
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13
Q

Game Theory

A
  • attempts to explain decision-making behavior
  • dependent on players, information and possible actions, reward/punishment
  • evolutionary stable strategy - biology, study sex ratio, goal is to improve fitness
    • natural selection prevents alternative strategies
  • 4 outcomes:
    • altruism -/+
    • spite -/-
    • cooperation +/+
    • selfishness +/-
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14
Q

inclusive fitness

A
  • measure of an organism’s success in population
    • number of offspring
    • supporting offspring
    • offspring support each other
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15
Q

Social perception

A
  • aka social cognition
  • judgements and impressions regarding other people
  • perceiver - influenced by experience, motives, emotional state
    • emotion and previous experiences also effect
  • target - person about which the perception is made
    • prior knowledge of target effects perception
  • situation - may determine what info is available to the perceiver
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16
Q

Impression bias

A
  • primacy effect - first impressions are more important then later impressions
  • recency effect - most recent info about a person is most important to form an impression
17
Q

reliance on central traits

A
  • organize perception of others based on traits that are most relevant to perceiver
18
Q

implicit personality theory

A

categories we place others in during impression formation

sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and behavior are related

  • stereotyping
19
Q

Halo effect

A
  • cognitive bias
  • one aspect of a person influences their whole impression
  • attractiveness can lead to person viewed as “good, trustworthy”
20
Q

Just-world hypothesis

A
  • good things happen to good people
21
Q

self serving bias

A
  • self serving attributional bias
  • success due to internal factors and failures due to external factors
  • locus of control
  • self-enhancement achieved via self serving bias
22
Q

attribution theory

A
  • people infer causes of other peoples behavior
  • dispositional (internal) - characteristics of individual
  • situational (external) - social context, environment
23
Q

cues

A
  • consistency cues - consistent behavior over time
  • consensus cue - how behavior differs from others
  • distinctiveness - how behavior varies across scenarios
    • different behaviors lead to situational attribution
24
Q

correspondent inference theory

A
  • intentionality of others behavior
  • unexpected helpful or hurtful behavior tends to be explained by dispositional attribution
25
Q

fundamental attribution error

A
  • biased to make dispositional versus situational attributions
  • actor-observer asymmetry - likely to make situational attributions about ourselves and dispositional about others
26
Q

attribute substitution

A
  • complex judgements are made using a simpler solution
  • ex. resolve sphere in a cube to a circle in a square
  • used to create optical illusions via color and size
27
Q

cultural attribution

A
  • indiviualists - more fundamental attribution errors and attribute dispositional factors
  • collectivists - more attribute to situational factors
28
Q

Stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination

A
  • stereotypes - cognitive; expectations, impressions, opinions
  • prejudice - affective; attitude, emotional response
  • discrimination - behavior; difference in actions
29
Q

stereotypes

A
  • stereotypes - attitudes and impressions based on limited and superficial info
30
Q

stereotyoe content model

A
  • classify stereotypes using “warmth” and “competence
    • warm - not in direct competition with in-group
    • competence - high social status
  • paternalistic - group is inferior; high warmth and low competence
  • contemptuous - annoyance, anger; low warmth and low competence
  • envious - jealousy; low warmth and high competence
  • admiration - pride and positive; high warmth and competence
31
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A
  • validates a stereotype
    • potentially caused by expectations to fulfill stereotype
    • ex: intern bad at sutures
32
Q

Stereotype threat

A
  • anxious about conforming to stereotype
  • cause reduced performance
  • stereotype threat may cause self-fulfilling prophecy
33
Q

Prejudice

A
  • irrational positive or negatice attitude toward something or someone without an interaction
  • formation of attitude prior to encounter
  • can be towards place or thing not just person or group
  • propaganda - large organizations create prejudices
    • often exaggerarted
34
Q

Influences on predjudice

A
  • power - abililty to control resources despite obstacles
  • prestige - level of respect shown to a person by others
  • Class - SES

Imbalances cause “haves” and “have-nots”

35
Q

Ethnocentrism

A
  • make judgements about other cultures based on ones own culture
    • language, customs, religion
  • in groups and out groups
    • dislike of outgroup due to lack of favoritism of ingroup and lack of favoritism for out group
  • cultural relativism - perception of another culture as different from one’s own, but recognize value of differences
36
Q
A
37
Q

discrimination

A
  • prejudicial attitudes cause individuals to be treated differently from others
  • unequal power, prestige, and class influence discrimination
  • individual vs institutional
    • institutional is harder to resolve
    • institutional - built into structure of society
38
Q

Actor-observer asymmetry (bias)

A
  • self serving bias (by actor)
    • blame situational for negative
  • fundamental attribution theory (observer)
    • blame dispositional and ignore situational factors
  • more prevalent in negative situation

MCAT Psych/soc (12 decks)

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