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MCAT Psych/soc > Ch 8 - Social processe, attitudes, and behavior > Flashcards

Ch 8 - Social processe, attitudes, and behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

michelangelo phenomenon

A
  • concept of self i made of intrapersonal self, ideas of one’s abilities, traits, and beliefs. Also influenced by interpersonal self (manner in whcih other influence creation of ideal self)
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2
Q

social action - actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and perform because others are around

A
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3
Q

social facilitation

A
  • social facilitation - tendency to perfom simple tasks better in the presence of others
  • Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation - being in presence of others raises arousal and enhances performance of simple tasks (things they are already good at)
    • hinders complex tasks (less familiar tasks)
  • performance is not solely dependent on skill
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4
Q

Deindividuation

A
  • individuals in a group setting lose individual identity
  • increases anonymity
  • antinormative behavior - behavior against the norm
  • masks and uniforms increase antinormative behavior
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5
Q

Bystander effect

A
  • individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present
  • people in groups are less likely to notice danger or something out of the ordinary
  • humans take cues from others in group - if others dont respond then you wont either
  • well acquainted groups are more likely to help then groups of strangers
  • how deserving of aid effects response
  • more likely to intervene in high danger situations
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6
Q

social loafing

A
  • tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting
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7
Q

Peer pressure

A
  • social influence placed on an individual by a group of people or another individual
  • peers - individuals who are equal within a social group
  • identity shift effect - when an individual is threatened by social rejection, they conform to the group norm
    • internal conflict because this is new
    • identity shift to accept the shift
  • cognitive dissonance - presence of 2 opposing thoughts that leads to internal discomfort
    • change, add, or minimize one thought
  • experiment showed - may even give obviously wrong answer in order to match the group of confederates answer
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8
Q

social interaction

A
  • social interaction - explores how 2 or more individuals can shape each other’s behavior
  • group polarization
  • groupthink
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9
Q

Group polarization

A
  • tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas of members
  • begin as reasonable ideas but become more extreme as discussion continues
  • riskier and more cautious decisions
  • choice shift
    • was risky shift before researchers realized it could shift to caution
  • social media can contribute
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10
Q

Groupthink

A
  • desire for harmony results in people coming to an incorrect or poor decision
  • fewer alternative ideas are assessed because they may cause conflict
  • isolate and ignore external viewpoints
  • can lead to riots and destructive group behaviors
  • fad - behavior that is popular or desirable by a large community
  • mass hysteria - shared, intense concern about threats to society
    • lead to shared delusion
      • Salem Witch Trials
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11
Q

Groupthink factors - proposed by Irving Janis

A
  • illusion of invulnertability - creation of optimism and encourage risk taking
  • collective rationalization - ignore warnings
  • illusion of morality - belief that decisions are moral
  • excessive stereotyping - construction of stereotypes against outside opinions
  • pressure for conformity - pressure on those that disagree
  • self censorship - withholding opposing views
  • illusion of unanimity - false sense of agreement
  • mindguards - appoint members who protect against opposing views
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12
Q

Culture affect on Group Process

A
  • culture - beliefs, behaviors, actions, characteristics of a group or society
  • learned by living within and observing then adopting behaviors
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13
Q

Assimilation

A
  • process where ones behavior begins to resemble another group’s
  • different cultures may merge into one
  • integrate new with old
  • assess immigration assimilation based on 4 factors
    • SES
    • geographic distribution
    • language attainment
    • intermarriage
  • ethnic enclaves - locations/neighborhoods with high concentrations of one ethnocity
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14
Q

multiculturalism

A
  • communities or societies containing multiple cultures
  • encourages, respects, and celebrates cultural differences
  • more acceptance then assimilation
  • multiculturalism - cultural mosaic
  • assimilation - melting pot
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15
Q

subcultures

A
  • groups that distinguish themselves from the primary culture
  • counterculture - subculture is at odds with the majority cultre and deliberately opposes the prevailing social mores
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16
Q

socialization

A
  • developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs
  • cultural transmission = cultural learning - manner in which a society socializes its members
  • cultural diffusion - spread of norms, customs, beliefs
  • primary socialization - during childhood, mostly via observation
    • foundation for personal opinions
  • secondary - learning appropriate behavior wihtin smaller sections of society
    • school, church, sports
    • also when moved to a new area
    • adults and teens
  • anticipatory socialization - person prepares for future change in occupation, relationship, living status
  • resocialization - discard old behavior in favor of new. Positive or negative
17
Q

Norms

A
  • norms - societal rules that define boundaries of acceptable
  • mores - widely observed norms
  • norms used for social control
    • sanctions - misconduct or reward fro appropriate behavior
      • formal (prison) or informal (social punishment)
  • taboo - socially unacceptable
  • folkways - norms that are polite in social interactions
    • shake hands after sports match
18
Q

Agents of socialization

A
  • family
  • peers
  • religion
  • government
  • media
  • work
  • ethnic backgrounf
  • clubs/social groups
  • school
19
Q

deviance

A
  • violation of norms, rules, expectations
20
Q

Stigma

A
  • extreme disapproval or dislike based on perceived difference from the rest of society
  • can extend to family members
21
Q

Labeling Theory

A
  • linked to deviance, stigma, and reputation
  • labels affect how others view someone
  • labels affect that persons self-image
  • some groups may embrace a label
  • others may change
22
Q

differential association theory

A
  • deviance can be learned through interactions with others
  • degree to which someone is surrounded by ideals that adhere to social norms versus ideals that go against norms
23
Q

Strain theory

A
  • explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure
    • American dream to become wealthy via achievement and hard work
    • structure of society doesnt guarantee equal education and opportunity
    • deviant behavior like theft may be used to achieve the desired goal
24
Q

Conformity

A
  • matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to societal norms
  • can be real or imaginery pressure
  • aka majority influence
  • normative conformity - desire to fit into a group because of fear of rejection
  • Internalization - changing one’s behavior to fit with the group, privately also agree with the idea of the group
  • identification - outward acceptance of others ideas without personally taking on the ideas
  • collectivist societies tend toward conformity
25
Q

Compliance

A
  • change in behavior based on direct request
    • often no authority or ground to stand on for requesting party
  • foot in the door technique - small request made to gain compliance then larger request made
  • door in the face technique - large request made at first, if refused then smaller second request
  • lowball technique - initial commitment then raise required commitment
  • thats not all technique - offer made and before decision is offered even more
26
Q

obedience

A
  • changing behavior in response to order from authority figure
  • more likely to comply then in compliance (no authority)
  • Stanley Milgram experiment - subjects told to shock someone (confederate)
    • authority used demanding language to push subjects out of their comfort zone
    • people obey even if they wish to stop
27
Q

social cognition

A
  • the way people think about others and how it impacts behavior
28
Q

Attitude

A
  • expression of positive or negative feelings toward a person, place, thing, or scenario
  • develop from experiences with others
  • affective - the way a person feels toward something
    • emotional part of attitude
  • behavioral - the way a person acts with respect to something
  • cognitive - way an individual thinks about something
    • justification for affective and behavorial component
29
Q

functional attitudes theory

A

theory on attitudes

  • 4 functions of attitudes
  • knowledge - provides info to predict behavior. Consistency and stability, organize thought and experience
  • ego expression - communicate and solidify self identity
  • adaptive - one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed
  • ego defensive - protect self esteem and justify actions that we know are wrong
30
Q

learning theory

A
  • attitudes are developed through different forms of learning
  • influenced by parents, adults, pleasure, peers, attitude of others
  • formed via classical and operant conditioning, observational learning
31
Q

Elaboration Likelihood model

A
  • attitude theory
  • seperates individuals on a continuum based on processing of persuasive info
  • central route processing - make decisions based on thinking about information and meaning
  • peripheral route processing - focus on superficial details
  • most people use both and fall in the middle
32
Q

social cognitive theory

A
  • people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing others
  • behavior is not learned by trial and error
  • learn via direct observation and replication
  • also influenced by personal factors and the environment
  • Bandura’s triadic reciprocal causation - behavior, personal facotrs and environment

MCAT Psych/soc (12 decks)

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