Ch 6 - Identity and personality Flashcards
1
Q
self concept and identity
A
- self concept - internal list of “who am I”, multiple identities come together to form one self concept. Includes future and past self
- self-schema - self given label that carries a set of qualities
- identity - individual components of self concept
- religion, sexual orientation, personal relationships, social groups
*
- religion, sexual orientation, personal relationships, social groups
2
Q
gender identity
A
- describes persons appraisal of theirselves on scales of masculinity and femininity
- androgyny - state of being very feminine and masculine simultaneously
- undifferentiated - low feminine and masculine simultaneously. opposite of androgyny
- gender schema - key components of gender identity are transmitted through cultural and societal means
3
Q
ethnic and national identity
A
- ethnic identity- members typically share a common ancestry, cultural heritage, and language
- nationality - based on political borders. Shared history, media, cuisine, national symbols
- does not need to be tied to ethnic identity or citizenship
4
Q
hierarchy of salience
A
- let the situation determine which identity is the most important in the moment
- can be influenced by amount of work required to be in identity, reward/gratification for identity, self esteem associate with the identity
5
Q
self discrepancy theory
A
- everyone has 3 selves
- actual self - way we see ourselves currently
- ideal self - way we want ourselves to be
- ought self - how others think we should be
- closer the 3 are together, the higher the self esteem
6
Q
self efficacy
A
- belief in our ability to succeed
- more likely to pursue tasks with a high efficacy
- overconfidence - take tasks that lead to frustration, humiliation, injury
- learned helplessness - self efficacy is depressed past the point of recovery
- could be model for clinical depression
7
Q
locus of control
A
- the way we characterize the influences in our lives
- internal - view that they control their own fate
- external - events in their lives are caused by luck or outside influences
8
Q
freud
A
- psychology and sexuality are linked
- Libido is present at birth
- drive to reduce libidinal tension accounts for human psych
- Stages of psychosexual development
- oral stage
- anal stage
- phallic stage
- latency stage
- genital stage
9
Q
fixation - freud
A
- fixation - child is overindulged or frustrated during a stage of development. Anxiety causes fixation and child forms a personality pattern based on the stage
- neurosis - fixation persists in adulthood and causes mental disorder
10
Q
Oral stage - Freud
A
- 0 - 1 year
- gratification from putting objects in mouth, biting, sucking
- fixation causes - excessive dependency
11
Q
Anal stage - Freud
A
- 1 - 3 yr
- gratification from elimination and retention of waste materials
- toilet training
- fixation causes excessive orderliness (anal retentiveness) or sloppiness
12
Q
Phallic stage - Freud
A
- 3 - 5 years
- aka Oedipal stage
- Oedipal conflict (male children) or Electra conflict (female children)
- male child envies fathers relationship with mother and fear castration by father, identifies with father and develops sexual identity and moral values
- sublimates libido - collects objects, focus on school
- females cannot fear castration - alternative is penis envy
13
Q
Genital stage - Freud
A
- puberty through adulthood
- enter heterosexual relationships
- sexual traumas that are not resolved can cause homosex, asex, fetishes
14
Q
Latency Phase - Freud
A
- libido is calmed
- 5 to puberty
15
Q
Erik Erikson
A
- psychosocial development
- personality development
- based on series of crises between needs and social demands
- favorable and unfavorable outcomes
- emotional development and interactions with social environment
- possible to fail to resolve a conflict and still move to next stage
16
Q
Erikson Stages
A
- Trust v mistrust : 0 - 1 year
- can I trust the world?
- Autonomy v shame and doubt : 1 -3 years
- Is it okay to be me?
- having control over choices versus external locus of control and doubt
- Initiative v guilt : 3 - 6 years
- is it okay for me to do, move, and act?
- Industry v inferiority : 6 - 12 years
- Can I make it in the world of people and things?
- Identity v role confusion : 12 - 20 years
- Who and I and what can I be?
- physiological revolution
- Intimacy v isolation : 20 - 40 years
- Can I love
- Generativity v stagnation : 40 - 65 years
- Can I make my life count?
- Integrity v despair : 65 - death
- Is it okay to have been me?
17
Q
Kohlberg moral reasoning
A
- Heinz Dilemma
- development of moral thinking
- as we grow our morals change and perception of right and wrong changes
- preconventional morality - children
- conventional morality - level of normal adult reasoning
- postconventional morality - few adults
18
Q
Preconventional morality
A
- preadolescence thinking
- consequences of moral choice
- stage 1 : Obedience - avoiding punishment
- stage 2 : Self interest - gaining reward
- aka instrumental relativist stage - concept of reciprocity and sharing
19
Q
Conventional Morality
A
- early adolescence
- understanding and accepting social rules
- Stage 3 : conformity - person seeks approval form others
- stage 4 : law and order - maintain social order in highest regard
- I cant steal because what if everyone stole
20
Q
Postconventional morality
A
- not everyone is capable and is based on social mores, may conflict with the law
- stage 5 : Social contract - moral rules as conventions for the greater good, focused on individual rights
- stage 6 : universal human ethics - decisions make in consideration of abstract principles
21
Q
vygotsky: cultural and biosocial development
A
- cognitive development based on internalization of culture: rules, symbols, language
- zone of proximal development - skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are being developed
- within the range of child to be able to learn
22
Q
influences on identity
A
- parents, siblings, peers
- most likely to imitate behaviors from similar people, such as same sex sibling
- role taking - playing school/house, helps understand roles and perspectives later in life
- theory of mind - ability to sense how someone elses mind works
- helps understand how others react
- aware of judgements and how to react
- looking-glass self : others reflecting our personality back to ourselves
- reference group - self concept depends on who we compare to
23
Q
personality
A
- thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors that are characteristic of an individual across time and locations
- theories of personality
- psychoanalytic (psychodynamic)
- humanistic (phenomenological)
- type and trait
- behaviorist
24
Q
psychoanalytic theory
A
- assumption of unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality
- most noteworthy is Freud
- Carl Jung
25
Q
Freud on psychoanalytic perspective of personality
A
- id - basic, primal urges to survive and reproduce
- pleasure principle - achieve immediate gratification to relieve tension
- primary process - id’s response to frustration, need satisfaction now
- wish fulfillment - day dream or fantasy to fulfill satisfaction
- ego -
- reality principle - account objective reality and guides or inhibits id and the pleasure principle
- delay demand by id until it can be obtained
- secondary process - guidance of id
- promote growth of perception, memory, problem solving, reality testing
- receives power from id and can never be independent of it
- also moderate superego
- reality principle - account objective reality and guides or inhibits id and the pleasure principle
- superego - perfectionist, judges actions and respond to failures and successes
- conscience - improper actions that were punished
- ego-ideal : proper actions that were rewarded
- right and wrong replace rewards and punishments
26
Q
Consciousness (Freud)
A
- conscious
- preconscious - currently unaware of
- unconscious / subconscious - thoughts that have been repressed
27
Q
Freud on Instinct
A
- instinct - inate psychological representation og a biological need
- propelling aspects of Freud’s dynamic theory of personality
- life instincts - quest for survival (thirst, hunger, sex)
- death instincts - unconscious wish for death and destruction
- response to his observations of victims of trauma reenacting or focusing on the experience
28
Q
Defense Mechanisms
A
- egos attempt to releive anxiety from clash of id and superego
- deny, falsify, or distort reality
- operate unconsciously
- repression, suppression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, sublimation
29
Q
Defense mechanisms (list)
A
- repression - mostly unconscious forgetting and forcing undesired thoughts and urges into the unconscious. Disguise threatening impulses
- suppression - deliberate and conscious forgetting
- regression - reversion to earlier developmental state
- reaction formation - suppress urge by converting it into the oppose. ex. hating a celebrity because you will never get to meet them
- projection - attribute undesired feelings to others
- Rorschach inkblot test - client project unconscious feeligns onto the shape
- thematic apperception test - series of images and client makes a story
- rationalization - justify behavior in a way that is acceptable to self and society
- displacement - transference of undesired urge from one person to another
- ex. snap at husband becuase mad at boss but doesnt want to yell at boss
- sublimation - transform unacceptable behavior into socially acceptable behaviors
30
Q
Carl Jung
A
- psychoanalytical theory
- libido as psychic general energy and not sexual energy
- ego is the conscious mind
- personal unconscious
- collective unconscious - shared among all humans and residue of ancestors
- archetypes - underlying forms or concepts
- persona - personality we present to the world
- anima (feminine) and animus (masculine) - sex-inappropriate qualities
- ex. anima is the emotion in men, animus is power seeking women
- shadow - appearance of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, actions
- archetypes - underlying forms or concepts
31
Q
Jung defines “Self”
A
self - intersection of collective unconsciousness, personal unconscious, and conscious mind
- strive for unity
- mandala is symbol of self
32
Q
Jung’s Dichotomy
A
- Extraversion versus introversion
- sensing versus intuiting
- thinking versus feeling
- these 3 dichotomies used in Myers-Briggs Type Inventory personality test
- Fourth added : judging (orderly) versus perceiving (spontaneous)
33
Q
inferiority complex
A
- alfred adler
- individuals sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority both physically and socially
- superiority drives personality, yields selfishness when not driven towards bettering society
34
Q
Alfred Adler
A
- Overall about striving for superiority
- inferiority complex
- creative self - individual shapes uniqueness and establishes personality
- style of life - manifestation of creative self and person’s unique way of acheiving superiority
- family environment is important
- fictional finalism - motivated more by expectations of the future than by past experiences
35
Q
Karen Horney
A
- neurotic personalities are governed by one of ten neurotic needs
- neurotic needs - make life anf interactions bearable
- needs are problematic if they meet one of four characteristics
- too intense
- indisciminate in application
- partially diregard reality
- provoke intense anxiety
- basic anxiety - caused by inadequate parenting. cause vulnerability and helplessness
- basic hostility - caused by neglect and rejection that create anger
- use 3 strategies to deal with anxiety or hostility -
- move toward people to obtain security
- fight them to get upper hand
- move away and withdrawal
36
Q
object relations theory
A
- psychodynamic theories
- objects are parents/caregivers based on subjective experiences during infancy
- persist into adulthood and impact interactiosn
37
Q
humanistic theorists
A
- aka phenomenological theorists
- person centered approach
- Gestalt therapy - holistic view of self, dont reduce to behaviors or drives
- personality is result of conscious feelings we have for ourselves as we attempt to attain our needs and goals
38
Q
force field theory
A
- Kurt Lewin
- little constraints on personality
- focus on present situations and not past or future
- forces/influences are either assisting or blocking the path to the goal
39
Q
peak experiences
A
- profound and deeply moving experiences that have long lasting effects
- people with these experiences are more likely to reach self actualization
- common traits in people that reach self actualization (5 on Maslows needs)
- nonhostile sense of humor, originiality, creativity, spontaneity, need for some privacy
40
Q
personal construct psychology
A
- George Kelly
- does not use motivation, reinforcement, or unconscious emotion
- devises and tests predictions about behavior of significant people in their lives
- scheme of anticipation of what they will do
- anxiety stems from not being able to predict
- psychotherapy - acquire new contructs to better predict future events
41
Q
Client centered therapy
A
- Carl Rogers
- aka person centered or nondirective therapy
- people control their own behavior and are not slaves to the unconscious (psychoanalysts) or faulty learning (behaviorists)
- solution is to reflect on problem, make a choice, generate solution, positive action, determine own destiny
- reconcile difference between real and ideal selves which reduces stress
- unconditional positive regard - therapist completely accepts client and expresses empathy in order to promote positive environment
42
Q
Personality types
A
- type theorists - create taxonomy of personality types
- Greeks used to base it off of the 4 humors/body fluids
- blood, yellow bile, phlegm, black bile
- 20th century - somatotypes - body type
- type A and B
- A - competitive, compulsive
- B - laid back and relaxed
- Myers Briggs
43
Q
Trait theorist
A
- trait theorists - personality as sum of characteristic behaviors
- PEN model - Hans and Sybil Eysenck
- Gordan Allport - cardinal, central, secondary
- David McClelland - identidied a trait that is “the need for achievement”
- N - Ach is high in people that have pride in accomplishments, they avoid failing by not taking risks, also avoid low risk tasks because they do not create a sense of achievement
44
Q
PEN model
A
- PEN model - Hans and Sybil Eysenck
- psychoticism - measure of social deviance / nonconformity
- extraversion - measure tolerance for social interaction and stimulation
- neuroticism - measure emotional arousal in stressful situations
- PEN model expanded to big 5 traits (OCEAN)
- openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
45
Q
Gordan Allport - Trait theorist
A
- 3 basic traits
- cardinal - trait that person organizes life around
- central - major characteristics of personality
- secondary - more limited in occurence
- functional autonomy - behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that created the behavior
- ex. hunter that hunts for fun even after obtaining enough food
46
Q
other theories on personality
A
- behaviorist - personality reflects behaviors that have been conditioned over time
- therapy - learn skills and change behavior using operant conditioning
- token economies - give tokens as reward, exchange tokens for privileges or reinforcers
- therapy - learn skills and change behavior using operant conditioning
- social cognitive - how we interact with the environment
- reciprocal determinism - thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and environment interact to determine action in a situation
- locus of control is also important
- best predictor of behavior is behavior from past similar experiences
- biological perspective - personality as a result of gene expression
