Ch 5 - Motivation, Emotion, Stress Flashcards
1
Q
Motivation
A
- purpose to actions
- minimize pain or max pleasure
- meet physical need
- eat
- drink
- sleep
- sex
- influenced by instincts, arousal, drives, and needs
2
Q
extrinsic motivation
A
- external forces
- rewards, praise
- ex. study for a good mcat score
- ex. practice for a sporting game, competition
- can be to avoid punishment
3
Q
intrinsic motivation
A
- motivation within ones self
- physical needs
- pleasure or interest in a task
- reduce uncomfortable states
4
Q
instincts
A
- innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli
- promotove reflexes are instinctual
- instinct theory - basis of motivation is instincts based on evolution
- supported by william james and William Mcdougall
5
Q
Arousal theory
A
- arousal - psych and phys state of being awake and reactive to stimuli
- arousal theory - people perform actions to maintain an optimal level of arousal
- Yerkes - Dodson law - bell shaped curve for optimal performance and level of arousal
- increase attention then after optimal level, impaired due to anxiety
- low arousal for highly cognitive tasks
- high arousal for physical tasks
6
Q
Drive reduction theory
A
- drives - internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals
- primary drives - food, water, warmth, bodily homeostasis
- homeostasis maintained by negative feedback loops
- secondary drives - not related to bio processes. Learned desires. Desire for emotions
- Drive reduction theory - motivation is focused on eliminating uncomfortable states
7
Q
Need based theory of motivation
A
- needs determine how much energy/resources are exerted to different areas
- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs - motivation will be greatest to meet the needs in the lowest level not met. Additional motivation will be used to fill the next level of needs
- physiological
- safety
- love/belonging
- esteem
- self actualization - need to realize one’s fullest potential
- self - determination theory (SDT) - 3 universal needs, required to build relationships
- autonomy - in control of actions and ideas
- competence - complete and excel at difficult tasks
- relatedness - feel accepted and wanted in relationships
8
Q
Incentive theory
A
- behavior is motivated not by need or arousal, but by desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment
9
Q
expectancy value theory
A
- amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individuals expectations of success and their perceived value of reaching the goal
10
Q
opponent - process theory
A
- explains drug use
- when drug is taken repeatedly, the body will change its physiology to counteract the drug
- ex. alcohol is a depressant, the body increases arousal to compensate, alcohol wears off and the person is anxious, jittery, and irritable.
- this withdrawal mechanism causes physical dependence
- explains Tolerance
11
Q
Sexual Motivation
A
- strong correlation with hormones (androgens, estrogen, progesterone)
- similar physical response between men and women
- highly influenced by culture
- influenced by society
- pleasure and interpretation is influenced by society and culture
12
Q
Emotion
A
- natural instinctive state of mind derived from ones circumstances, mood, and relationships with other
- 3 elements of emotion
- physiological response - stimulated by autonomic NS, can include changes in HR, breathing, skin temp, BP
- behavioral response - facial expressions, body language
- cognitive response - subjective interpretation of the feeling, dependent on prior experience and perception of cause of emotion
13
Q
Universal emotions
A
- all humans show same facial expression for a given emotion, regardless of culture/society
- perception of emotion by others and differences in emotional experiences can be changed depending on culture
- happiness - smile, eye wrinkles, raised cheeks
- sadness - frown, inner eyebrows pulled together and up
- contempt - one corner of mouth pulled upwards
- surprise - eyes widen, eyebrows up, jaw open
- fear - eyes widen, eyebrows up, lips toward ears
- disgust - nose wrinkle, raise upper lip
- anger - glaring, eyebrows down, lips pressed together
14
Q
Adaptation of emotions
A
- Darwin and Universal emotions
- Emotions are evolutionary adaptations to situations from history
- different emotions from different periods of time
- early development of fear
- more current development of social emotions such as pride and guilt
15
Q
James Lange Theory
A
- theory of emotion
- William James (Functionalist) and Carl Lange
- stimulus causes physiological arousal first, that leads to secondary response that involves labeling the emotion
- peripheral organs response to the stimuli causes brain to label the emotion
- spinal cord injury patients still show emotion so this theory is disproven
16
Q
Cannon - Bard Theory
A
Theory on emotion
- physiological and arousal and feelings of emotion occur at the same time and both cause result in behavorial change
- lack of feedback does not change emotion experience
- supported by the James-lang experiment
- stimulus through thalamus and the sympathetic NS
- fails to explain vagus nerve that sends info from peripheral organs to the CNS
17
Q
Schachter - Singer Theory
A
- aka cognitive arousal theory or two factor theory
- theory of emotion
- both arousal and labeling must occur for the emotion to be experienced
- label is affected by environment and cognitive processing
- Nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal before the conscious emotion is experienced
18
Q
amygdala - limbic system
A
- signals cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions
- detects external clues and learns from persons surroundings in order to produce emotion
- associated with fear and interpretation of facial expressions
19
Q
thalamus/hypothalamus - limbic system
A
- thalamus - sensory processing and routes to cortex or other parts of brain
- hypothalamus - synthesize and release NT
- dictates mood and arousal via hormones and therefore dictates emotion
20
Q
hippocampus - limbic system
A
- storage and retrieval od emotional memories
- creates context for the emotion
- explicit memory - controlled by medial temporal lobe of hippocampus
- memory of experiencing the emotion, episodic memories
- implicit memories - controlled by amygdala
- emotional memory - storage of actual feeling
- experience similar event and retrieve the feelings
- PTSD
- explicit memory - story of the event
- implicit memory - sensation of unease and anxiety when in similar environment
21
Q
Facial expression interpretation
A
- controlled by temporal lobe
- right hemisphere more active
- more active in women
- weak in children
22
Q
Prefrontal cortex - limbic system
A
- express personality
- make decisions
- plan cognitive function
- left prefrontal cortex - positive emotion
- right prefrontal cortex - negative emotion
- dorsal prefrontal cortex - attention and cognition
- ventral prefrontal cortex - connect to experiencing emotions
- ventromedial prefrontal cortex - substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional response from amygdala
23
Q
Autonomic NS and emotion
A
- skin temp, HR, BP, breathing rate affected by emotion
- decrease temp - fear
- increase temp - anger
- increase HR - anger and fear
- decrease HR - happiness
- heart rate variability - decrease means stress, frustration, anger
- blood pulse volume increases with anger or stress and decreases with sadness and relaxation
- skin conductivity - sympathetic response
- diastolic BP increase with anger, fear, sadness, happiness
24
Q
cognitive appraisal
A
- subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress
- stage 1 = primary appraisal - initial evaluation of the environment and associated threat
- identify as irrelevant, benign-poitive, or stressful
- if evaluated as a threat then move to stage 2
- stage 2 = secondary appraisal - evaluate whether organism can cope with the stress. Evaluate 3 areas of the stressor
- harm - damage caused by event
- threat - potential for future damage
- challenge - potential to overcome and potentially benefit from event
25
stressor
* biological element, external condition, or event that leads to stress response
* distress - unpleasant stressor
* eustress - positive conditions
* positive but may require a change in the persons life that causes stress. ex. marriage
* social readjustment rating scale - "life change units"
* stress decreased with predictability, control of surroundings or situation, frustration
26
conflict stress
* caused by need to decide between 2 choices
* approach - approach : need to choose between 2 desirable options
* avoidance - avoidance : need to choose between 2 negative options
* approach - avoidance : deal with one choice but it could have positive and negative effects
27
general adaptation syndrome
* 3 stages of stress response
* alarm - initial reaction, activate sympathetic NS, secrete ACTH to stimulate cortisol production
* also activate adrena medulla to make epi and norepi
* resistance - continue release hormones and actively fight the stressor
* exhaustion - cant maintain response, more susceptible to illness
* may cause heart disease and rarely death
28
Effects of stress
* acute stress - increase alertness, less pain perception, immune system ready, high HR, more blood to muscles, secrete hormones, reproduction temporarily suppressed
* chronic stress - impaired memory, increased risk for depression, deteriorated immune system, high BP and risk for heart disease, high hormone levels, higher risk of infertility and miscarriage
29
Emotional response to stress
* cause irritable, moody, tense, fearful, helpless feelings
* hard to concentrate
* loss of memory
* withdrawal from others
* difficulty at work/school
* substance use
* aggression
* suicide
* chronic stress can cause depression and anxiety
30
coping with stress
* problem focused - work to overcome stressor
* emotional focused - change feelings about stressor
* stress management - exercise, meditation, spiritual practice
