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MCAT Psych/soc > Ch 5 - Motivation, Emotion, Stress > Flashcards

Ch 5 - Motivation, Emotion, Stress Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation

A
  • purpose to actions
  • minimize pain or max pleasure
  • meet physical need
    • eat
    • drink
    • sleep
    • sex
  • influenced by instincts, arousal, drives, and needs
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2
Q

extrinsic motivation

A
  • external forces
  • rewards, praise
  • ex. study for a good mcat score
  • ex. practice for a sporting game, competition
  • can be to avoid punishment
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3
Q

intrinsic motivation

A
  • motivation within ones self
  • physical needs
  • pleasure or interest in a task
  • reduce uncomfortable states
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4
Q

instincts

A
  • innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli
  • promotove reflexes are instinctual
  • instinct theory - basis of motivation is instincts based on evolution
  • supported by william james and William Mcdougall
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5
Q

Arousal theory

A
  • arousal - psych and phys state of being awake and reactive to stimuli
  • arousal theory - people perform actions to maintain an optimal level of arousal
  • Yerkes - Dodson law - bell shaped curve for optimal performance and level of arousal
    • increase attention then after optimal level, impaired due to anxiety
    • low arousal for highly cognitive tasks
    • high arousal for physical tasks
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6
Q

Drive reduction theory

A
  • drives - internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals
  • primary drives - food, water, warmth, bodily homeostasis
    • homeostasis maintained by negative feedback loops
  • secondary drives - not related to bio processes. Learned desires. Desire for emotions
  • Drive reduction theory - motivation is focused on eliminating uncomfortable states
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7
Q

Need based theory of motivation

A
  • needs determine how much energy/resources are exerted to different areas
  • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs - motivation will be greatest to meet the needs in the lowest level not met. Additional motivation will be used to fill the next level of needs
    • physiological
    • safety
    • love/belonging
    • esteem
    • self actualization - need to realize one’s fullest potential
  • self - determination theory (SDT) - 3 universal needs, required to build relationships
    • autonomy - in control of actions and ideas
    • competence - complete and excel at difficult tasks
    • relatedness - feel accepted and wanted in relationships
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8
Q

Incentive theory

A
  • behavior is motivated not by need or arousal, but by desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment
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9
Q

expectancy value theory

A
  • amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individuals expectations of success and their perceived value of reaching the goal
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10
Q

opponent - process theory

A
  • explains drug use
  • when drug is taken repeatedly, the body will change its physiology to counteract the drug
  • ex. alcohol is a depressant, the body increases arousal to compensate, alcohol wears off and the person is anxious, jittery, and irritable.
  • this withdrawal mechanism causes physical dependence
  • explains Tolerance
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11
Q

Sexual Motivation

A
  • strong correlation with hormones (androgens, estrogen, progesterone)
  • similar physical response between men and women
  • highly influenced by culture
  • influenced by society
  • pleasure and interpretation is influenced by society and culture
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12
Q

Emotion

A
  • natural instinctive state of mind derived from ones circumstances, mood, and relationships with other
  • 3 elements of emotion
    • physiological response - stimulated by autonomic NS, can include changes in HR, breathing, skin temp, BP
    • behavioral response - facial expressions, body language
    • cognitive response - subjective interpretation of the feeling, dependent on prior experience and perception of cause of emotion
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13
Q

Universal emotions

A
  • all humans show same facial expression for a given emotion, regardless of culture/society
  • perception of emotion by others and differences in emotional experiences can be changed depending on culture
  • happiness - smile, eye wrinkles, raised cheeks
  • sadness - frown, inner eyebrows pulled together and up
  • contempt - one corner of mouth pulled upwards
  • surprise - eyes widen, eyebrows up, jaw open
  • fear - eyes widen, eyebrows up, lips toward ears
  • disgust - nose wrinkle, raise upper lip
  • anger - glaring, eyebrows down, lips pressed together
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14
Q

Adaptation of emotions

A
  • Darwin and Universal emotions
  • Emotions are evolutionary adaptations to situations from history
  • different emotions from different periods of time
  • early development of fear
  • more current development of social emotions such as pride and guilt
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15
Q

James Lange Theory

A
  • theory of emotion
  • William James (Functionalist) and Carl Lange
  • stimulus causes physiological arousal first, that leads to secondary response that involves labeling the emotion
  • peripheral organs response to the stimuli causes brain to label the emotion
  • spinal cord injury patients still show emotion so this theory is disproven
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16
Q

Cannon - Bard Theory

A

Theory on emotion

  • physiological and arousal and feelings of emotion occur at the same time and both cause result in behavorial change
  • lack of feedback does not change emotion experience
  • supported by the James-lang experiment
  • stimulus through thalamus and the sympathetic NS
  • fails to explain vagus nerve that sends info from peripheral organs to the CNS
17
Q

Schachter - Singer Theory

A
  • aka cognitive arousal theory or two factor theory
  • theory of emotion
  • both arousal and labeling must occur for the emotion to be experienced
  • label is affected by environment and cognitive processing
  • Nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal before the conscious emotion is experienced
18
Q

amygdala - limbic system

A
  • signals cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions
  • detects external clues and learns from persons surroundings in order to produce emotion
  • associated with fear and interpretation of facial expressions
19
Q

thalamus/hypothalamus - limbic system

A
  • thalamus - sensory processing and routes to cortex or other parts of brain
  • hypothalamus - synthesize and release NT
    • dictates mood and arousal via hormones and therefore dictates emotion
20
Q

hippocampus - limbic system

A
  • storage and retrieval od emotional memories
  • creates context for the emotion
  • explicit memory - controlled by medial temporal lobe of hippocampus
    • memory of experiencing the emotion, episodic memories
  • implicit memories - controlled by amygdala
    • emotional memory - storage of actual feeling
    • experience similar event and retrieve the feelings
  • PTSD
    • explicit memory - story of the event
    • implicit memory - sensation of unease and anxiety when in similar environment
21
Q

Facial expression interpretation

A
  • controlled by temporal lobe
  • right hemisphere more active
  • more active in women
  • weak in children
22
Q

Prefrontal cortex - limbic system

A
  • express personality
  • make decisions
  • plan cognitive function
  • left prefrontal cortex - positive emotion
  • right prefrontal cortex - negative emotion
  • dorsal prefrontal cortex - attention and cognition
  • ventral prefrontal cortex - connect to experiencing emotions
  • ventromedial prefrontal cortex - substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional response from amygdala
23
Q

Autonomic NS and emotion

A
  • skin temp, HR, BP, breathing rate affected by emotion
  • decrease temp - fear
  • increase temp - anger
  • increase HR - anger and fear
  • decrease HR - happiness
  • heart rate variability - decrease means stress, frustration, anger
  • blood pulse volume increases with anger or stress and decreases with sadness and relaxation
  • skin conductivity - sympathetic response
  • diastolic BP increase with anger, fear, sadness, happiness
24
Q

cognitive appraisal

A
  • subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress
  • stage 1 = primary appraisal - initial evaluation of the environment and associated threat
    • identify as irrelevant, benign-poitive, or stressful
    • if evaluated as a threat then move to stage 2
  • stage 2 = secondary appraisal - evaluate whether organism can cope with the stress. Evaluate 3 areas of the stressor
    • harm - damage caused by event
    • threat - potential for future damage
    • challenge - potential to overcome and potentially benefit from event
25
Q

stressor

A
  • biological element, external condition, or event that leads to stress response
    • distress - unpleasant stressor
    • eustress - positive conditions
      • positive but may require a change in the persons life that causes stress. ex. marriage
    • social readjustment rating scale - “life change units”
  • stress decreased with predictability, control of surroundings or situation, frustration
26
Q

conflict stress

A
  • caused by need to decide between 2 choices
    • approach - approach : need to choose between 2 desirable options
    • avoidance - avoidance : need to choose between 2 negative options
    • approach - avoidance : deal with one choice but it could have positive and negative effects
27
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A
  • 3 stages of stress response
  • alarm - initial reaction, activate sympathetic NS, secrete ACTH to stimulate cortisol production
    • also activate adrena medulla to make epi and norepi
  • resistance - continue release hormones and actively fight the stressor
  • exhaustion - cant maintain response, more susceptible to illness
    • may cause heart disease and rarely death
28
Q

Effects of stress

A
  • acute stress - increase alertness, less pain perception, immune system ready, high HR, more blood to muscles, secrete hormones, reproduction temporarily suppressed
  • chronic stress - impaired memory, increased risk for depression, deteriorated immune system, high BP and risk for heart disease, high hormone levels, higher risk of infertility and miscarriage
29
Q

Emotional response to stress

A
  • cause irritable, moody, tense, fearful, helpless feelings
  • hard to concentrate
  • loss of memory
  • withdrawal from others
  • difficulty at work/school
  • substance use
  • aggression
  • suicide
  • chronic stress can cause depression and anxiety
30
Q

coping with stress

A
  • problem focused - work to overcome stressor
  • emotional focused - change feelings about stressor
  • stress management - exercise, meditation, spiritual practice

MCAT Psych/soc (12 decks)

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