Chapter 1: Basic Anatomy Flashcards
regional anatomy
studying body’s structure by focusing attention on specific part, area, region, examining the relationship of structures then studying adjacent structures
surface anatomy
what lies under skin and what is palpable (felt) at rest + in action through physical examination
what are the systems of systemic anatomy?
- integumentary: skin + its appendages
- skeletal: bones + cartilage
- articular: joints + ligaments
4: muscular: skeletal, smooth or cardiac muscles - nervous: CNS, PNS
- circulatory: cardiovascular+ limphatic system
- digestive
- endocrine
- respiratory
- urinary
- genital
clinical anatomy
body function and structure in the practice of medicine
what is anatomical positioning?
body upright with head forward, palms facing anterior, lower limbs with feet parallel
3 anatomical planes
- transverse (axial): superior + inferior
- sagittal: right + left
- coronal (frontal): anterior + posterior
what is fascia?
wrapping + insulating materials for deep structures
what is deep fascia?
dense CT layer with no fat found below subcutaneous tissue
what is investing fascia?
extensions of deep fascia like individual muscles and neurovascular bundles
what are found in fascial compartments?
group of muscles with similar fx’s sharing same nerve supply with the ability to contain or spread infection or tumor
what is an intermuscular septa?
thick sheets of deep fascia separating facial compartments and attaching to bones
What is a retinaculum?
thickening in fascia that holds tendons in place where they cross joints during flexion + extension
What is the subserous fascia?
btwn musculoskeletal walls + serous membranes lining body cavities
- endothoracic
- endoabdominal
- endopelvic fascias
what is bursae?
collapsed sacs of serous membrane that secretes lubricating fluid to prevent friction + allowing structure to move freely over another
types of bursae
- subcutaneous: in subcut. tissue btwn skin + bony area
- subfascial: below deep fascia
- subtendinous: allow movement of tendons ove bone
- synovial tendon sheath: elongated, encloses tendons for anchoring
bursae: visceral vs. parietal layers
visceral: inner layer of serous sac
parietal: outer layer of serous sac
both moistened to allow movement
what makes up the axial skeleton?
bones of head, neck, trunk
what makes up the appendicular skeleton?
bones of limbs including shoulder and pelvic girdle
what is cartilage?
resilient avascular CT that forms parts of skeleton where flexibility is required
what is articular cartilage
cartilage found where bones articulate
provides smooth gliding surfaces for movement
how does cartilage obtain nutrients?
through diffusion
what is bone? what does it do?
specialized CT that provide
- support
- protection
- movement
- storage (salts)
- supply of blood cells (marrow)
what is the periosteum of bone?
fibrous CT covering bone that nourishes and is a place for attachment of tendons and ligaments
what is the perichondrium of bone?
fibrous CT covering cartilage
what are the 2 types of bone?
- compact: superficial thin layer
2: spongy: inner layer with spicules (trabeculae)
bones with medullary cavities contain what?
yelow (fatty) or red (blood and platelet forming) bone marrow or both
how do the proportions of compact and spongy bone vary for each bone?
compact bone provides strength so its amount is greatest where bone bears most weight
what is the classification of bones?
- long bones: tubular
- flat bones: protective
- irregular bones: diff shape
- sesamoid: found where tendons cross long bones
where are bone markings found?
where tendons, ligaments, + fascias are attached or where arteries lie near bones
bone marking: capitulum
small, round articular head
ex: capitulum of humerus
bone marking: condyle
round, knuckle-like articular area
ex: lateral + medial femoral condyles
bone marking: crest
ridge of bone
ex: iliac crest
bone marking: epicondyle
eminence superior or adjacent to condyle
ex: lateral epicondyle of humerus
bone marking: facet
smooth flat area usually covered with cartilage where bone articulates with bone
ex: superior costal facet of vertebra articulating with rib
bone marking: foramen
passage through bone
ex: obturator foramen
bone marking: fossa
hollow or depressed area
ex: infraspinous fossa of scalpula
bone marking: groove
elongated depression
ex: radial groove of humerus
bone marking: head
large, round articular end
ex: head of humerus
bone marking: line
linear elevation
ex: soleal line of tibia
bone marking: malleolus
rounded process
ex: lateral malleolus of fibula
bone marking: notch
indentation at edge of bone
ex: greater sciatic notch
bone marking: protuberance
projection of bone
ex: external occipital protuberance
bone marking: spine
thorn-like process
ex: spine of scalpula
bone marking: spinous process
projecting spine-like part
ex: spinous process of vertebra
bone marking: trochanter
large, blunt elevation
ex: greater trochanter of femur
bone marking: trochlea
spool-like articular process (pulley)
ex: trochlea of humerus
bone marking: tubercle
small raised eminence
ex: greater tubercle of humerus
bone marking: tuberosity
large rounded elevation
ex: ischial tuberosity
