Chapter 1 Flashcards
the region where electrons reside is the
extranuclear space
shells define the probability of … in various regions of space relative to the …
finding an electron; nucleus
the energy of electrons in the shells is …, which means that only specific values of energy are possible,r ather than a continuum of values
quantized
delocalization: the spreading of electron density over a larger …
volume of space
each shell can contain up to … electrons
2n^2 (n is number of shell)
electrons in the first shell are nearest to the positively charged nucleus and are held most strongly by it; these electrons are
lowest in energy
orbital: region of space that can hold … electrons and has a specific quantized energy
two
orthogonal: having no net
overlap
the electron configuration of an atom is a description of the … its electrons occupy
orbitals
according to the pauli exclusion principle, for two electrons in the same orbital, their spins must be …
paired
electrons have a quantum mechanical property referred to as spin. they have magnetic north and south poles. two electrons with opposite spins are said to have
paired spins
orbitals of equal energy are called
degenerate
the reason hund’s rule stands (electrons fill orbitals individually before doubly) is because of
electron-electron repulsion
hund’s rule also states that the spins of the single electrons in the degenerate orbitals should be
aligned
unstable structures possess energy waiting to be released. when a structure is higher in energy, the more energy it has
stored
all of nature seeks its … energy state; when electrons are rearranged back to their ground state, energy is …
lowest; released
the energy it takes to remove an electron from an atom or a molecule is called the …
ionization potential
ionization potential … across a period and … a group
across; up
an atom that gains electrons becomes an … and an atom that loses electrons becomes a ..
anion; cation
when atoms are held together primarily by …, we say that an ionic interaction exists between them
attraction of oppositely charged ions
Electronegativity increases as … increases, and does so … a period and … a group
Zeff; across; up
the energy released upon addition of an electron is called the …, which becomes more favorable as you move from … to … in a row of the periodic table
electron affinity; left; right
because the electronegativity of an atom reflects its tendency to hold on to and to acquire electrons, the phenomenon arises from a combination of … and …
ionization potentials; electron affinities
the attraction between ions is what permits ionic salts to form a strong … and gives them a high ..
crystal lattice; melting point