Ch. 18-3 + Flashcards
acid chlorides and acid anhydrides react spontaneously with water to give a … and … or two molecules of …, respectively.
carboxylic acid; HCl; carboxylic acid
acid or base is needed for the hydrolysis of … and … but is not required for .. and …
esters; amides; acid halides; acid anhydrides
esters react with water in the presence of an acid catalyst to produce a … and … the mechanism is exactly the reverse of …
carboxylic acid; alcohol; fischer esterification
esters hydrolyze in base in a process called .. because it has been used to hydrolyze triglyceride ester groups in soap manufacturing. a … ion is produced along with a molecule of …
saponification; carboxylate; alcohol
amides hydrolyze in either acid or base, and in both cases, the reaction is …, not …, and requires more vigorous conditions than those required to hydrolyze even esters
stoichiometric; catalytic
nitriles hydrolyze in strong acid to give a … and … they hydrolyze in strong base to give a … and an …
carboxylic acid; ammonium ion; carboxylate ion; amine
acid chlorides react with a alcohols to give .. and … When the product ester is acid-sensitive, a base such as a … is used to … as it is formed
esters; HCl; tertiary amine; neutralize the HCl
Acid anhydrides react with alcohols to give one molecule of … and one molecule of …
ester; carboxylic acid
esters react with alcohols in an acid-catalyzed reaction called …, an equilibrium process in which one ester …. is ….
transesterification; -OR group; exchanged for another
amides are not reactive enough to react with
alcohols
acid chlorides react with two equivalents of ammonia and primary and secondary amines to form an … and one equivalent of an …
amide; ammonium chloride
acid anhydrides react with two equivalents of ammonia and primary and secondary amines to form an … and one equivalent of an …
amide; ammonium carboxylate salt
esters react slowly with ammonia and primary and secondary amines to form an … and an …
amide; alcohol
acid chlorides react with carboxylate anions to give … and a .
acid anhydrides; chloride salt
esters add two molecules fo a Grignard reagent, and following aqueous acid workup, they give an … product in which two groups bonded to the carbon bearing the … group are the …
formate esters give a …; all other esters give a …
alcohol; OH; same; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol
