Ch. 13-16 info Flashcards
a lack of free bond rotation, for example, in small rings or with alkenes, can make hydrogens bonded to the same carbon atom
nonequivalent
nearby electronegative atoms have a … effect in NMR
deshielding
in general, the higher the percent of s-character in a hybrid orbital, the … the deshielding effect on itself and adjacent atoms
greater
the induced local magnetic fields in pi bonds either add to or subtract from the applied field depending on the … of the induced electron density circulation relative to the atom in question
geometry
C13-NMR tells you how many … C atoms are in a molecule and … of C atoms are present but it DOES NOT tell you how many C and H there are total
nonequivalent; what kinds
Grignard reagents are prepared by reacting alkyl, aryl, or alkenyl halides with a slight excess of .. in an … solvent
magnesium metal; ether
organolithium reagents are prepared by reaction of an alkyl, aryl, or alkenyl halide with … equivalents of …
two; lithium metal
treatment of a Grignard reagent with an epoxide followed by protonation of the magnesium alkoxide salt in aqueous acid gives an … with its carbon chain extended by … atoms
alcohol; two carbon
two equivalents of organolithium compounds react with one equivalent of a … salt, usually …, to give useful reagents called Gilman reagents
Cu(I); CuI
gilman reagents react with … and … to form new carbon-carbon bonds
haloalkanes; haloalkenes
gilman reagents also react with oxiranes to give … products with C-C bond formation following an acid aqueous workup
alcohol
carbenes are prepared from … or … of diazo species such as diazomethane
photolysis; thermolysis
dichlorocarbene is prepared from the reaction of … with a …
chloroform; strong base
a useful carbenoid is the simmons-smith reagent prepared from … (…) and …
diiodomethane (CH2I2); Zn(Cu)
dichlorocarbene and the simmons-smith reagent react stereospecifically with alkenes to give ..
cyclopropanes (dichlorocarbene has 2 Cl instead of 2 H though)