Ch. 13-16 info Flashcards

1
Q

a lack of free bond rotation, for example, in small rings or with alkenes, can make hydrogens bonded to the same carbon atom

A

nonequivalent

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2
Q

nearby electronegative atoms have a … effect in NMR

A

deshielding

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3
Q

in general, the higher the percent of s-character in a hybrid orbital, the … the deshielding effect on itself and adjacent atoms

A

greater

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4
Q

the induced local magnetic fields in pi bonds either add to or subtract from the applied field depending on the … of the induced electron density circulation relative to the atom in question

A

geometry

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5
Q

C13-NMR tells you how many … C atoms are in a molecule and … of C atoms are present but it DOES NOT tell you how many C and H there are total

A

nonequivalent; what kinds

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6
Q

Grignard reagents are prepared by reacting alkyl, aryl, or alkenyl halides with a slight excess of .. in an … solvent

A

magnesium metal; ether

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7
Q

organolithium reagents are prepared by reaction of an alkyl, aryl, or alkenyl halide with … equivalents of …

A

two; lithium metal

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8
Q

treatment of a Grignard reagent with an epoxide followed by protonation of the magnesium alkoxide salt in aqueous acid gives an … with its carbon chain extended by … atoms

A

alcohol; two carbon

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9
Q

two equivalents of organolithium compounds react with one equivalent of a … salt, usually …, to give useful reagents called Gilman reagents

A

Cu(I); CuI

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10
Q

gilman reagents react with … and … to form new carbon-carbon bonds

A

haloalkanes; haloalkenes

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11
Q

gilman reagents also react with oxiranes to give … products with C-C bond formation following an acid aqueous workup

A

alcohol

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12
Q

carbenes are prepared from … or … of diazo species such as diazomethane

A

photolysis; thermolysis

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13
Q

dichlorocarbene is prepared from the reaction of … with a …

A

chloroform; strong base

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14
Q

a useful carbenoid is the simmons-smith reagent prepared from … (…) and …

A

diiodomethane (CH2I2); Zn(Cu)

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15
Q

dichlorocarbene and the simmons-smith reagent react stereospecifically with alkenes to give ..

A

cyclopropanes (dichlorocarbene has 2 Cl instead of 2 H though)

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16
Q

treating an aldehyde or ketone with a triphenylphosphonium ylide (.. reagent) gives an …

A

wittig; alkene

17
Q

wittig reagent formed by treatment of PPh3 with a … or … followed by treatment with a base such as …

A

haloalkane; haloalkene; BuLi

18
Q

water is removed from reactions to favor acetal formation using a

A

dean-stark trap

19
Q

Imine functional group:

A

R2C=NR

20
Q

enamine functional group:

A

R2C=CR-NR2

21
Q

hydrazine:

A

H2NNH2

22
Q

addition of ammonia or a primary amine to an aldehyde/ketone forms an ..

A

imine

23
Q

addition of a secondary amine to an aldehyde/ketone forms an

A

enamine

24
Q

addition of hydrazine to aldehyde/ketone gives a

A

hydrazine

25
Q

In reductive amination, ketones or aldehydes react with … in the presence of an appropriate reducing agent such as … to give substituted amines

A

amines; NaBH3CN

26
Q

aldehyde and ketone carbonyl groups can be reduced to methyl/methylene groups, using two reactions:
the clemmensen reduction uses … in strong acid (HCl) and is used when molecule is stable to strong acid
wolff-kishner reaction uses … and … (KOH)and is used when the molecule is stable to strong base

A

Zn(Hg); hydrazine (N2H4); base