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Oral Pathology - My deck > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When does upper lip formation begin?

A

Weeks 6-7 in utero

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2
Q

What structures contribute to the formation of the upper lip?

A

Medial nasal processes and the maxillary processes

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3
Q

What structures contribute to the formation of the primary palate?

A

Merging of the medial nasal processes

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4
Q

What structures contribute to the formation of the secondary palate?

A

Maxillary processes/Palatal shelves

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5
Q

What is cleft lip?

A

Failure of fusion of the medial nasal process with the maxillary process

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6
Q

What is cleft palate?

A

Failure of fusion of the palatal shelves

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7
Q

What is the treatment protocol for cleft lip?

A

Rule of 10 - 10 weeks, 10 pounds, 10 gm %HM

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8
Q

True or False: Most developmental cases of orofacial clefts are cleft palate and cleft lip

A

True, most cases are combined CL + CP

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9
Q

True or False: Most syndromic cases of orofacial clefts are cleft lip and cleft palate

A

False, syndromic cases most commonly present as cleft palate only

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10
Q

What are characteristics of Pierre Robin Sequence ?

A

Cleft palate, Mandibular micrognathia, glossoptosis

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11
Q

What are the 4 common environmental factors that can cause nonsyndromic orofacial clefts?

A

Maternal alcohol or cigarrette use, folic acid deficiency, corticosteroid use, and anticonvulsant therapy

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12
Q

What are the other more rare orofacial clefts?

A

Lateral facial cleft, oblique facial cleft, median cleft of the upper lip

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13
Q

In what populations are orofacial clefts most common?

A

Native American (1/250), Asians (1/300), Caucasians (1/700), African Americans (1/1500)

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14
Q

What is a submucous palatal cleft?

A

This occurs when the palatal shelves fail to fuse, but the surface is still intact. It appears as a notch in bone, and has a bluish discoloration at the midline.

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15
Q

Who is often involved in the management of orofacial clefts? (There are 9)

A

Pediatricians, OMFS, ENT, Plastic surgeon, Pediatric dentist, Orthodontist, Prosthodontist, Speech pathologist, Geneticist

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16
Q

What are lip pits?

A

Mucosal invaginations

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17
Q

When lip pits occur at the corners of the mouth, what are they called?

A

Commissural lip pits

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18
Q

True or False: Commissural lip pits are NOT associated with facial or palatal clefts

A

True, and no treatment is required

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19
Q

Congenital invaginations near the median of the lower lip are called ____________.

A

Paramedian lip pits

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20
Q

What syndrome is assoicated with Paramedian lip pits?

A

Van der Woude syndrome

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21
Q

What are the characteristics associated with Van der Woude syndrome?

A

Paramedian lip pits, autosomal dominant, cleft lip and cleft palate

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22
Q

Describe double lip.

A

A redundant fold of tissue on the mucosal side of lip

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23
Q

What causes double lip? Does is usually occur on the upper or lower lip?

A

It can be congenital or acquired (due to trauma or oral habits), and usually occurs on the upper lip.

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24
Q

What syndrome is associated with double lip?

A

Ascher syndrome

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of Ascher syndrome?

A

Double lip, Blepharochalasis (eyelid edema), Nontoxic thyroid enlargement (which messes with fluid retention)

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26
Q

What are Fordyce Granules?

A

“Ectopic” sebaceous glands

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27
Q

Where and when do fordyce granules appear?

A

Buccal and labial mucosa. They usually appear during puberty, so are more common in adults.

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28
Q

Describe Leukoedema.

A

Typically appear as dffuse gray-white, milky, opalescent lesions found bilaterally on buccal mucosa that do not wipe off.

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29
Q

What is a clinical test for leukoedema?

A

Stretching the tissue. The white appearance disappears when the cheek is stretched.

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30
Q

What is the term for an abnormally small tongue?

A

Microglossia

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31
Q

What is the term when there is no tongue?

A

Aglossia

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32
Q

What is aglossia frequently associated with?

A

Hypoplasia of the mandible (micrognathia)

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33
Q

What is the term that describe an abnormally large tongue?

A

Macroglossia

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34
Q

What most frequently causes macroglossia?

A

Vascular malformations (hemangiomas), muscular hypertrophy (associated with down syndrome), and tumors

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35
Q

What are some signs or macroglossia?

A

Noisy breathing, drooling, difficulty is eating or speaking

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36
Q

What syndrome is macroglossia associated with?

A

Beckwith-Wiedmann syndrome, where patients have increased risk for several childhood tumors

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37
Q

Describe ankyloglossia

A

A developmental tongue abnormality characterized by a short, thick lingual frenum resulting in limitation of tongue movement

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38
Q

When would you normally treat ankyloglossia?

A

Frenotomy or frenuloplasty at 4-5, unless it is interferring or causing a problem. Also, this condition could be “self correcting” i.e. patient falls down and tears frenum.

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39
Q

Describe lingual thyroid

A

Failure of migration of primitive thyroid gland during development

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40
Q

Where is the lingual thryoid usually found?

A

Between the foramen cecum and the epiglottis

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41
Q

Is lingual thyroid more common in males or females?

A

Females

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42
Q

Why should you avoid biopsy of the lingual thyroid?

A

In most cases, it is the patients only functioning thyroid tissue, and there is a risk of hemorrhage

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43
Q

What are some symptoms of lingual thyroid and when do they arise?

A

Dysphagia, dysphonia, dyspnea. Symptoms usually arise during puberty, adolescence, pregnancy, or menopause.

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44
Q

Desrcibe fissured tongue.

A

Dorsum of tongue exhibits multiple grooves/furrows that can measure from 2-6 mm in depth.

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45
Q

Why might patients with a fissured tongue experience mild burning?

A

Bacteria releasing acid.

46
Q

What is the cause of fissured tongue?

A

Unknown

47
Q

Fissured tongue is strongly associated with __________.

A

Geographic tongue

48
Q

What syndrome is fissured tongue associated with?

A

Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome

49
Q

Geographic tongue is also known as ________ or ________.

A

Benign migratory glossitis or erythema migrans (when it is not on the tongue)

50
Q

What causes geographic tongue?

A

It is a common inflammatory condition (an acute response) - so it is not developmental.

51
Q

Describe hairy tongue

A

Marked accumulation of keratin on the filiform papilla that can be brown, black, blue or yellow (anything pigmented changes its color).

52
Q

What causes hairy tongue?

A

Unknown etiology - many patients are heavy smokers, but could be due to poor oral hygiene, antibiotics or radiation therapy.

53
Q

What is the term used to describe a white dorsal tongue without hairlike filiform projections?

A

Coated tongue

54
Q

What causes coated tongue?

A

Bacterial and desquamated epithelial cells.

55
Q

What term is used to describe superficial dilated veins?

A

Varicosities

56
Q

Where can varicosites be found in the oral cavity?

A

The ventral tongue, or buccal/labial mucosa.

57
Q

What is the most common type of oral varicosity?

A

Sublingual Varix

58
Q

True or False: Lingual varices is common in children

A

False, lingual varices is common in adults and rare in children

59
Q

True or False: Sublingual varicies are NOT associated with hypertension or cardiopulmonary disease

A

True

60
Q

A thrombosed, calcified varix is called a _______.

A

Phlebolith

61
Q

What term is used to describe a main arterial branch that extends up into the superficial submucosal tissues without a reduction is its diameter?

A

Caliber persistent artery

62
Q

Where do caliber persistent arteries occur?

A

They most commmonly and exclusively occur on the labial mucosa

63
Q

What is the unique characteristic of caliber persistent arteries?

A

Pulsation

64
Q

Describe the characteristics of coronoid hyperplasia.

A

More commonly occurs in males, more commonly bilateral and the mandible will deviate towards the affected side.

65
Q

Describe the characteristic of condylar hyperplasia.

A

Mandible deviation away from the affected side.

66
Q

Describe exostoses.

A

Localized bony protuberances.

67
Q

What are the 4 common types of exostoses?

A

Torus palatinus, torus mandibularis, buccal exostoses, palatal exostoses

68
Q

Where do buccal exostoses occur?

A

Along the facial of the alveolar ridge, and more commonly occur on the maxilla.

69
Q

Where do palatal exostoses occur?

A

Lingual aspect of the maxillary tuberosities.

70
Q

Where does torus palatinus occur?

A

Midline of the hard palate.

71
Q

Where does torus mandibularis occur?

A

Lingual aspect of the mandible

72
Q

What term is used to describe a focal concavity of the cortical bone in the lingual surface of the mandible?

A

Stafne defect

73
Q

What is another name for Stafne defect?

A

Lingual mandibular salivary gland depression

74
Q

Where do Stafne defects commonly occur?

A

As well circumscribed radiolucencies below the mandibular canal in the posterior mandible. They are usually unilateral.

75
Q

What term is used to describe a calcification of the stylohyoid ligament?

A

Eagle’s Syndrome; Stylohyoid syndrome; Carotid artery syndrome

76
Q

What are the common symptoms of Eagle’s syndrome?

A

Vague facial pain while swallowing, turning the head or opening the mouth; dysphagia, dysphonia, headache, dizziness

77
Q

What is a cyst?

A

A pathologic cavity lined by epithelium.

78
Q

What term is used to describe palatal cysts that occur along the median palatal raphe in newborns?

A

Epstein’s pearls

79
Q

What term is used to describe palatal cysts usually near the junction of the soft palate in newborns?

A

Bohn’s nodules

80
Q

True or False: Epstein’s pearls and Bohn’s nodules require treatment.

A

False, Epstein’s pearls and Bohn’s nodules are usually self healing.

81
Q

What term is used to describe a swelling of the upper lip resulting in elevation of the ala of the nose?

A

Nasolabial cyst

82
Q

In what population are nasolabial cysts most common?

A

30-50 year old females.

83
Q

True or False: Nasolabial cysts require surgical removal

A

True

84
Q

What term is used to describe a well circumscribed radiolucency near the midline of the anterior maxilla, between and apical to the central incisors without root resorption?

A

Nasopalatine duct cyst

85
Q

What is another name for nasopalatine duct cysts?

A

Incisive canal cyst

86
Q

Nasopalatine duct cyst are the most common ___________ cyst of the oral cavity.

A

Non-odontogenic

87
Q

How many millimeters can the incisive foramen be to be considered normal?

A

Up to 6 mm

88
Q

Why is a biopsy of a nasopalatine duct cyst mandatory?

A

Becuase the lesion cannot be diagnosed radiographically.

89
Q

How are nasopalatine duct cysts treated?

A

Surgical enucleation - which will take the nerve and the artery

90
Q

What term is used to describe localized inflammation of the hair follicle?

A

Epidermoid cyst

91
Q

What is a dermoid cyst?

A

Cyst that has adnexal involvement (sebaceous gland, hair follicle, erector pili muscle)

92
Q

Where do dermoid cysts occur?

A

Occur at the midline as a submucosal, fluctuant swelling at the floor of the mouth

93
Q

In what age group are dermoid cysts most common?

A

Children and young adults

94
Q

How are dermoid cysts treated?

A

Surgical removal.

95
Q

What term is used to describe cysts that occur from epithelial remnants of the thyroglossal tract?

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst

96
Q

Where do thyroglossal duct cysts occur?

A

Painless, fluctuant, movable swelling at or near the midline, usually inferior to the hyoid bone

97
Q

What term is used to describe cysts that occur within oral lymphoid tissue?

A

Lymphoepithelial cyst

98
Q

What is the most common location of a lymphoepithelial cyst?

A

Floor of the mouth, but they can be found anywerhe along Waldeyer’s ring, ventral tongue or soft palate.

99
Q

What do lymphoepithelial cysts present as?

A

White or yellow submucosal mass less than 1 cm. Usually asymptomatic.

100
Q

In what age population are lymphoepithelial cysts most common?

A

Young adults.

101
Q

What term is used to describe a cyst that occurs in the upper lateral neck along the anterior border of the SCM?

A

Branchial cleft cyst

102
Q

What is another name for branchial cleft cysts?

A

Cervical lymphoepithelial cyst.

103
Q

What term is used to describe an assymetric overgrowth of one or more body parts?

A

Hemihyperplasia

104
Q

What syndromes are associated with hemihyperplasia?

A

Beckwith-Wiedmann syndrome, neurofibromatosis, proteus syndrome

105
Q

What term is used to describe atrophy affecting one side of the face?

A

Progressive hemifacial atrophy

106
Q

What might be the cause of progressive hemifacial atrophy?

A

Lyme disease caused a borelia spp infection

107
Q

What does progressive hemifacial atrophy mimic?

A

Many features are similar to localized form of sclerodoma (strike of the sword)

108
Q

What term is used to describe a painless, unilateral enlargement of the maxillary bone with overgrowht of the overlying gingiva?

A

Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia

109
Q

What are the characterisitcs of Crouzon syndrome?

A

Craniosynostosis, ocular proptosis, underdeveloped maxilla and in radiographs of the skill there is a beaten metal pattern

110
Q

What are the characteristics of Apert syndrome?

A

Ocular proptosis, hypertelorism, downward slant of lateral palpebral fissures, syndactyly of hands and feet, mental retardation, trapezoid shape to lips, and they usually have cleft palate

111
Q

What are the characteristics of Treacher-Collins syndrome?

A

Hypoplastic zygoma, coloboma (notch on outer portion of lower eyelid), underdeveloped mandible

Oral Pathology - My deck (22 decks)

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