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Marine Science > Chapter 1 & 2 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 Test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a scientist?

A

Someone who uses the processes of science to find answers about how and why work in the world and observable universe

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2
Q

What is science?

A

Body of knowledge and method to gain knowledge about the observable universe

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3
Q

Why is the ocean important to humans?

A

World climate patterns
Weather
The ocean supplies natural resources, such as oil

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4
Q

How much of the ocean have humans actually explored?

A

All of the surface, but little of what’s underneath (5%)

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5
Q

List the 4 branches of oceanography

A

Biological
Chemical
Physical
Geological

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6
Q

Describe biological oceanography

A

Studies diversity in the ocean, how life influences Earth systems, and ocean’s role as a habitat

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7
Q

Describe chemical oceanography

A

Studies chemistry of seawater

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8
Q

Describe physical oceanography

A

Studies ocean’s influence on weather, climate, water movements

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9
Q

Describe geological oceanography

A

Studies geology of the ocean

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10
Q

Why was true exploration of the ocean not possible until about five decades ago?

A

The technology wasn’t good enough to allow it

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11
Q

Name some professions that draw on marine science

A

Politicians, civil engineers, marine architects, and astronauts

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12
Q

What is marine science?

A

Process of discovering facts and processes that explain the ocean, its life forms, and its interaction with other Earth systems

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13
Q

What is technology?

A

Material system that produces intended results

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14
Q

What is the first step of the scientific method?

A

Identify a problem/ask a question

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15
Q

What is this question based on?

A

Observations

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16
Q

What are the two forms of questions?

A

1) ask what process led to a set of facts

2) ask what set of facts you would observe if a process took place

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17
Q

What is the second step of the scientific method?

A

Make a hypothesis

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18
Q

What is required of a hypothesis?

A

Has to be testable

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19
Q

What’s the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?

A
  • inductive: proposes how something happens

- deductive:proposes what would be observed if something happened

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20
Q

What is the third step of the scientific method?

A

Test the hypothesis

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21
Q

What is an experiment?

A

Objective test of hypothesis with observable results

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22
Q

What is data?

A

Set of facts derived from direct observation

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23
Q

What is the fourth step of the scientific method?

A

Analyze results

24
Q

What is the fifth step in the scientific method?

A

Report results

25
Q

Why is reporting your results so important?

A

Allows other scientists to confirm and replicate your work

26
Q

What are the 4 stages of history of marine science?

A

1) Ancient uses and explorations
2) The Middle Ages
3) European voyages of discovery
4) Birth/ growth of modern marine sciences

27
Q

What are the 3 reasons early civilizations interacted with the ocean?

A

1) food gathering
2) trade (economics)
3) discovery of new lands

28
Q

When and by who was the earliest recorded voyage?

A

3200 BC by Egyptian Pharaoh Snefru

29
Q

What did the Phoenicians do?

A

Established first trade routes thorough out the Mediterranean and as far as Great Britain

30
Q

What were senses used by ancient explorers?

A

Sight, smell, hearing

31
Q

The Polynesians

A

Crossed thousands of miles of open ocean in dugout canoes, colonizing the islands of the South Pacific

32
Q

The Vikings

A

Discovered Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland, where Leif erikkson actually landed in North America

33
Q

The Chinese

A

We’re responsible for inventing magnetic compass around 1125. Central rudders and watertight compartments allowed them to take long voyages

34
Q

What was the purpose of the Christopher Columbus voyages?

A

Find a route to Asia

35
Q

Where did Christopher Columbus actually land?

A

A Caribbean island

36
Q

What did Amerigo Vespucci do?

A

Explored east coast of South America and mouth of Amazon river

  • credited with recognizing South American as a new continent
  • America is named after him
37
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A
  • commanded the first expedition to sail around the world

- perished in Philippines in a fight with islanders

38
Q

Cook’s expeditions

A

First expeditions devoted to methodical, scientific oceanography

39
Q

Geographic discoveries of cook’s expeditions

A

Discovered the Hawaiian islands, South Pacific island

40
Q

What did the chronometer do?

A

Allowed sailors to determine their exact position out of sight of land by allowing them to keep time

41
Q

Wilkes expedition

A

Proved existence of Antarctica

42
Q

Matthew Maury

A

Published and produced detailed works of sea navigation and his journeys

43
Q

Darwin and H.M.S. Beagle

A
  • Observations led him to propose natural selection and theory of evolution
  • proposed that coral reefs grow upward in shallow warm water
44
Q

Accomplishments of the challenger expedition

A

1) took first soundings deeper than 4,000 meters
2) captured biological samples in midwater and along the bottom with towed device
3) discovered marine organisms in deepest parts of ocean

45
Q

The meteor

A

-used echo sounding to map the Atlantic sea floor and also discovered global patterns of ocean water circulation, nutrient dispersal, plankton growth

46
Q

The Atlantis

A

First ship specifically designed and built for ocean studies

47
Q

Challenger II

A

Depths of Atlantic, pacific, Indian Ocean were measured

-oct 1951: Mariana Trench (Challenger Deep) was located and mapped

48
Q

Bathysphere

A

Steel ball with a window

-allowed first deep sea visits, raised/lowered by a “mother ship”

49
Q

Bathyscaphes

A

(Trieste) descended to bottom of challenger deep

-sphere attached to large float and raised/lowered with ballast and a liquid buoyant

50
Q

Jacques Cousteau

A

Introduced first practical scuba gear

51
Q

ROVs

A

Remotely Operated Vehicles

-unmanned sub with propellers

52
Q

AUVs

A

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

  • untethered, with own power source
  • piloted by onboard computer
53
Q

LORAN

A

Uses low frequency radio transmitters to determine location and speed of receiver

54
Q

Satellites

A

Global climate, sea surface temperature, ocean currents, algal blooms, pollution, and many other phenomena are tracked by satellites

55
Q

Eratosthenes

A

Calculated circumference of earth and invented first lat/long system

Marine Science (12 decks)

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