Chapter 1 Flashcards
Evolution
British contributions to American Policing
Professionalism: British policing models emphasized the importance of professionalism, integrity, and accountability in law enforcement practices.
Community Policing: The concept of community policing, which focuses on building positive relationships between law enforcement agencies and the communities they serve, has roots in British policing strategies.
Organizational Structure: British models influenced the organizational structure of American police departments, including the establishment of ranks and divisions within the force.
Training and Education: British policing traditions emphasized the importance of ongoing training and education for law enforcement officers, which has been adopted in various forms in American policing.
Legal Framework: British legal principles, such as the rule of law and due process, have influenced the development of American policing practices and procedures.
Use of Technology: British advancements in policing technology, such as the use of surveillance systems and forensic techniques, have been integrated into American law enforcement strategies.
Criminal Investigation Techniques: British contributions to criminal investigation techniques, including methods for evidence collection and analysis, have informed practices in American policing.
Overall, British contributions have played a significant role in shaping the evolution of American policing, influencing everything from organizational structure to community engagement strategies.
Explain when and where modern day policing first came to America and what its primary challenges were:
Modern police power began in the mid-1900s. However, its beginnings date back to the states. In the South during the 1700s, watch bunches were made to stop runaway slaves. Currently, police offices the nation over are confronting allegations of the fierceness and racial profiling. Modern American policing started in 1909 when August Vollmer turned into the head of the police officer in Berkeley, California. These “modern police” associations had comparable attributes: (1) they were openly upheld and regulatory in the structure; (2) police officials were full-time workers, not local area volunteers or made to order expense retainers; (3) offices had super durable and fixed standards and methodology, and work as a police officer was ceaseless; (4) police offices were responsible to a focal administrative power. More than wrongdoing, modern police powers in the United States arose as a reaction to “jumble.” What comprises social and public request depends generally on who is characterizing those terms, and in the urban communities of nineteenth-century America, they were characterized by the commercial interests, who through charges and political impact upheld the improvement of regulatory policing organizations. The conflict was expanding quickly; the abuse of laborers through extended periods, risky working conditions, and low compensation were endemic; furthermore, the strength of nearby governments by monetary elites was making political turmoil. Moreover, the production of the modern police power in the United States too permanently adjusted the meaning of the police work. Policing had consistently been a receptive endeavor, happening just because of a particular criminal demonstration.
Three Eras of Policing
- Political
- Reform
- Community
Political:
1840s-1930s
Politics and laws, broad social services, decentralized, intimate realtionship to community, foot patrol, and wanted citizen and political satisfitcation
Reform:
1930s-1980s
Laws and professionalism, crime control, centralized and classical, professional and remote relationship to community, preventive patrol and rapid response to calls, crime control
Community:
1980s-Present
Community support (political), law, and professionalism, broad provision of services, decentralized using task forces, intimate relationship with community, foot patrol/problem solving/public relations, and outcome based on qualify of life and citizen satisfaction.
Innovation Generation of Community Policing:
-1979-1986
-Herman Goldstein (work about needed improvements to policing)
-Broken Windows Theory
-“Experiments”, “test sites”, and “demonstration projects”
-Restricted to larger metro cities.
-Narrow focus policing (foot patrols, problem solving methods, and community substations.
Diffusion Generation of Community Policing:
-1987-1994
-Community policing (large and medium sized cities)
-Broader (involved in the neighborhood and quality of life issues)
-Targeted drug use and fear of crime issues
-Improving community relationships
-Focus on evaluating outcomes through research
Institutionalization Generation of Community Policing:
-1995 to present
-Formalized approach to policing, with an emphasis on standardization, bureaucracy, and adherence to established protocols.
-Widespread implementation of community policing and problem solving across the US.
-
“Common Wisdom” of policing:
Prevailing and widely accepted beliefs, practices, and strategies that guide law enforcement agencies and officers in their efforts to
-maintain public safety
-prevent crime,
-ensure community well-being
This common wisdom CAN evolve over time based on changes in societal norms, advancements in research and technology, and shifts in law enforcement philosophy.
Research Findings of the latter half of the 1900s regarding policing methods:
(THE 5 RESEARCH TOPICS:)
- Community Policing
- Broken Windows Theory
- Problem-Oriented Policing
- Use of Force and Policing Tactics
- Racial Profiling and Bias
Summarize the research findings of the latter half of the 1900s:
These findings shifted the focus from purely reactive law enforcement to proactive strategies that prioritize community engagement, problem-solving, and addressing root causes of crime.
Community Policing:
(Research findings of the latter half of the 1900s:)
Research began to emphasize the importance of community engagement and partnership between law enforcement and the community.
Broken Windows Theory:
(Research findings of the latter half of the 1900s:)
The Broken Windows Theory, introduced by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling in 1982, suggested that addressing minor offenses and disorderly behavior (like broken windows) could prevent the escalation of more serious crime. This theory influenced policing by encouraging officers to focus on quality-of-life issues and maintain public order, with the belief that doing so could deter more significant criminal activity.
Problem-Oriented Policing (POP):
(Research findings of the latter half of the 1900s:)
-Herman Goldstein’s -1980s.
-Police should analyze and address the root causes of recurring problems rather than just responding to incidents.
This approach led to increased emphasis on data analysis, identifying patterns, and implementing tailored strategies to address specific issues within communities.
Use of Force and Policing Tactics:
(Research findings of the latter half of the 1900s:)
Research in the latter half of the 20th century shed light on the use of force by law enforcement officers. The “reasonable force” standard established in the landmark Graham v. Connor case (1989) emphasized that the use of force should be evaluated from the perspective of a reasonable officer at the scene, considering the totality of circumstances. This standard has been pivotal in guiding law enforcement’s use of force policies and training.
Racial Profiling and Bias: (Research findings of the latter half of the 1900s:)
Research in the late 20th century also highlighted issues of racial profiling and bias within policing. Studies, such as the “Driving While Black” report by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in 1999, brought attention to disparities in traffic stops based on race.
These findings sparked discussions about the need for equity and fairness in law enforcement practices.
Describe the three generations of community and problem oriented solving:
- First Generation (1960s-1970s):
Focus: Reactive response to incidents.
Characteristics:
Police primarily reacted to crimes reported by the community.
Limited collaboration with community members.
Emphasis on traditional law enforcement tactics.
- Second Generation (1980s-1990s):
Focus: Proactive problem-solving approach.
Characteristics:
Shift towards addressing underlying issues contributing to crime.
Increased community involvement in identifying and solving problems.
Implementation of problem-solving strategies within police departments.
- Third Generation (2000s-present):
Focus: Integrated and comprehensive community policing.
Characteristics:
Emphasis on partnerships between police, community organizations, and other stakeholders.
Use of data-driven strategies to identify and address community issues.
Collaborative problem-solving to improve overall quality of life in neighborhoods.
Each generation builds upon the previous one, with a growing emphasis on collaboration, problem-solving, and community engagement in addressing crime and social issues.
