Chapter 1

Question 1

British contributions to American Policing

Answer 1

Professionalism: British policing models emphasized the importance of professionalism, integrity, and accountability in law enforcement practices.

Community Policing: The concept of community policing, which focuses on building positive relationships between law enforcement agencies and the communities they serve, has roots in British policing strategies.

Organizational Structure: British models influenced the organizational structure of American police departments, including the establishment of ranks and divisions within the force.

Training and Education: British policing traditions emphasized the importance of ongoing training and education for law enforcement officers, which has been adopted in various forms in American policing.

Legal Framework: British legal principles, such as the rule of law and due process, have influenced the development of American policing practices and procedures.

Use of Technology: British advancements in policing technology, such as the use of surveillance systems and forensic techniques, have been integrated into American law enforcement strategies.

Criminal Investigation Techniques: British contributions to criminal investigation techniques, including methods for evidence collection and analysis, have informed practices in American policing.

Overall, British contributions have played a significant role in shaping the evolution of American policing, influencing everything from organizational structure to community engagement strategies.

Question 2

Explain when and where modern day policing first came to America and what its primary challenges were:

Answer 2

Modern police power began in the mid-1900s. However, its beginnings date back to the states. In the South during the 1700s, watch bunches were made to stop runaway slaves. Currently, police offices the nation over are confronting allegations of the fierceness and racial profiling. Modern American policing started in 1909 when August Vollmer turned into the head of the police officer in Berkeley, California. These “modern police” associations had comparable attributes: (1) they were openly upheld and regulatory in the structure; (2) police officials were full-time workers, not local area volunteers or made to order expense retainers; (3) offices had super durable and fixed standards and methodology, and work as a police officer was ceaseless; (4) police offices were responsible to a focal administrative power. More than wrongdoing, modern police powers in the United States arose as a reaction to “jumble.” What comprises social and public request depends generally on who is characterizing those terms, and in the urban communities of nineteenth-century America, they were characterized by the commercial interests, who through charges and political impact upheld the improvement of regulatory policing organizations. The conflict was expanding quickly; the abuse of laborers through extended periods, risky working conditions, and low compensation were endemic; furthermore, the strength of nearby governments by monetary elites was making political turmoil. Moreover, the production of the modern police power in the United States too permanently adjusted the meaning of the police work. Policing had consistently been a receptive endeavor, happening just because of a particular criminal demonstration.

Question 3

Three Eras of Policing

Answer 3

1. Political
2. Reform
3. Community

Political:
1840s-1930s
Politics and laws, broad social services, decentralized, intimate realtionship to community, foot patrol, and wanted citizen and political satisfitcation

Reform:
1930s-1980s
Laws and professionalism, crime control, centralized and classical, professional and remote relationship to community, preventive patrol and rapid response to calls, crime control

Community:
1980s-Present

Community support (political), law, and professionalism, broad provision of services, decentralized using task forces, intimate relationship with community, foot patrol/problem solving/public relations, and outcome based on qualify of life and citizen satisfaction.

Question 4

Innovation Generation of Community Policing:

Answer 4

-1979-1986
-Herman Goldstein (work about needed improvements to policing)
-Broken Windows Theory
-“Experiments”, “test sites”, and “demonstration projects”
-Restricted to larger metro cities.
-Narrow focus policing (foot patrols, problem solving methods, and community substations.

Question 5

Diffusion Generation of Community Policing:

Answer 5

-1987-1994
-Community policing (large and medium sized cities)
-Broader (involved in the neighborhood and quality of life issues)
-Targeted drug use and fear of crime issues
-Improving community relationships
-Focus on evaluating outcomes through research

Question 6

Institutionalization Generation of Community Policing:

Answer 6

-1995 to present
-Formalized approach to policing, with an emphasis on standardization, bureaucracy, and adherence to established protocols.
-Widespread implementation of community policing and problem solving across the US.
-

Question 7

“Common Wisdom” of policing:

Answer 7

Prevailing and widely accepted beliefs, practices, and strategies that guide law enforcement agencies and officers in their efforts to
-maintain public safety
-prevent crime,
-ensure community well-being

This common wisdom CAN evolve over time based on changes in societal norms, advancements in research and technology, and shifts in law enforcement philosophy.

Question 8

Research Findings of the latter half of the 1900s regarding policing methods:

(THE 5 RESEARCH TOPICS:)

Answer 8

1. Community Policing
2. Broken Windows Theory
3. Problem-Oriented Policing
4. Use of Force and Policing Tactics
5. Racial Profiling and Bias

Question 9

Summarize the research findings of the latter half of the 1900s:

Answer 9

These findings shifted the focus from purely reactive law enforcement to proactive strategies that prioritize community engagement, problem-solving, and addressing root causes of crime.

Question 10

Community Policing:
(Research findings of the latter half of the 1900s:)

Answer 10

Research began to emphasize the importance of community engagement and partnership between law enforcement and the community.

Question 11

Broken Windows Theory:
(Research findings of the latter half of the 1900s:)

Answer 11

The Broken Windows Theory, introduced by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling in 1982, suggested that addressing minor offenses and disorderly behavior (like broken windows) could prevent the escalation of more serious crime. This theory influenced policing by encouraging officers to focus on quality-of-life issues and maintain public order, with the belief that doing so could deter more significant criminal activity.

Question 12

Problem-Oriented Policing (POP):
(Research findings of the latter half of the 1900s:)

Answer 12

-Herman Goldstein’s -1980s.
-Police should analyze and address the root causes of recurring problems rather than just responding to incidents.

This approach led to increased emphasis on data analysis, identifying patterns, and implementing tailored strategies to address specific issues within communities.

Question 13

Use of Force and Policing Tactics:
(Research findings of the latter half of the 1900s:)

Answer 13

Research in the latter half of the 20th century shed light on the use of force by law enforcement officers. The “reasonable force” standard established in the landmark Graham v. Connor case (1989) emphasized that the use of force should be evaluated from the perspective of a reasonable officer at the scene, considering the totality of circumstances. This standard has been pivotal in guiding law enforcement’s use of force policies and training.

Question 14

Racial Profiling and Bias: (Research findings of the latter half of the 1900s:)

Answer 14

Research in the late 20th century also highlighted issues of racial profiling and bias within policing. Studies, such as the “Driving While Black” report by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in 1999, brought attention to disparities in traffic stops based on race.

These findings sparked discussions about the need for equity and fairness in law enforcement practices.

Question 15

Describe the three generations of community and problem oriented solving:

Answer 15

1. First Generation (1960s-1970s):

Focus: Reactive response to incidents.

Characteristics:
Police primarily reacted to crimes reported by the community.
Limited collaboration with community members.
Emphasis on traditional law enforcement tactics.

2. Second Generation (1980s-1990s):

Focus: Proactive problem-solving approach.

Characteristics:
Shift towards addressing underlying issues contributing to crime.
Increased community involvement in identifying and solving problems.
Implementation of problem-solving strategies within police departments.

3. Third Generation (2000s-present):

Focus: Integrated and comprehensive community policing.

Characteristics:
Emphasis on partnerships between police, community organizations, and other stakeholders.
Use of data-driven strategies to identify and address community issues.
Collaborative problem-solving to improve overall quality of life in neighborhoods.

Each generation builds upon the previous one, with a growing emphasis on collaboration, problem-solving, and community engagement in addressing crime and social issues.

Question 16

CompStat

Answer 16

CompStat is a management tool used by law enforcement agencies to track and analyze crime data, identify crime patterns, and allocate resources effectively. It stands for “Computer Statistics” or “Comparative Statistics,” and it involves regular meetings where police commanders review crime data, discuss strategies, and hold personnel accountable for addressing crime issues in their jurisdictions. CompStat has been credited with helping to reduce crime rates in many cities by promoting data-driven decision-making and increasing accountability within police departments.

Question 17

Homeland Security:

Answer 17

9/11 Changed Everything
US Department established in 2002

Homeland security is a government initiative aimed at protecting the United States from threats, including terrorism, natural disasters, and other emergencies. It involves a coordinated effort among federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial agencies to prevent, respond to, and recover from security threats and disasters. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is the primary federal agency responsible for overseeing homeland security efforts in the U.S.

Question 18

Intelligence-led policing

Answer 18

law enforcement approach that emphasizes the use of intelligence and data analysis to guide operational decisions and resource allocation.

Question 19

Metropolitan Police Act

Answer 19

The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 established the Metropolitan Police Service for London, making it the first modern and professional police force in the world. The act was introduced by then-Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel and aimed to improve public safety, prevent crime, and maintain order in the rapidly growing city of London. Key provisions of the act included the creation of a centralized police force with a hierarchical structure, the recruitment of officers based on merit rather than political connections, and the adoption of a uniformed and visible presence on the streets. The principles outlined in the act, often referred to as the “Peelian Principles,” laid the foundation for modern policing practices and emphasized the importance of community cooperation, crime prevention, and ethical conduct by police officers.

Question 20

Peel’s Principles

Answer 20

ethical guidelines for policing that were developed by Sir Robert Peel, the founder of the modern police force. The principles emphasize the importance of community cooperation, crime prevention, and ethical conduct by police officers. They are as follows:

The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder.

The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions.

Police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public.

The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately to the necessity of the use of physical force.

Police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law.

Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice, and warning is found to be insufficient.

Police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police; the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties that are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence.

These principles highlight the importance of community trust, ethical behavior, and the role of the police in preventing crime and maintaining public order.

Question 21

Predictive Policing:

Answer 21

law enforcement strategy that uses data analysis and statistical techniques to identify potential criminal activity and allocate resources proactively. It aims to forecast where crime is likely to occur in the future based on historical data and patterns.

Criteria for Classification:
Required Attributes:

Data Analysis: Utilization of historical crime data for analysis.

Statistical Modeling: Application of statistical methods to predict future crime.

Resource Allocation: Deployment of police resources based on predictive insights.

Risk Assessment: Evaluation of potential crime hotspots.

Real-time Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of data for updates.

Question 22

Problem-oriented policing:

Answer 22

law enforcement strategy that focuses on identifying and addressing the underlying issues that contribute to crime and disorder in a specific community. It involves analyzing data to understand the root causes of problems and developing targeted solutions to address them.

Criteria for Classification:
Required Attributes:

Data Analysis: Utilization of data to identify patterns and trends.

Problem Identification: Recognition of specific issues contributing to crime.

Solution Development: Creation of tailored strategies to address identified problems.

Community Collaboration: Involvement of community members in problem-solving efforts.

Evaluation: Continuous assessment of the effectiveness of implemented solutions.

Question 23

Smart Policing:

Answer 23

refers to the use of technology and data-driven approaches to enhance law enforcement operations, improve public safety, and prevent crime. It involves leveraging advanced analytics, artificial intelligence, and digital tools to gather intelligence, predict criminal activity, allocate resources efficiently, and enhance overall decision-making processes within police departments. Smart policing aims to increase effectiveness, transparency, and accountability in policing practices while fostering community trust and collaboration.

Question 24

Wickersham Commission:

Answer 24

officially known as the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, was established in 1929 by President Herbert Hoover to investigate the enforcement of prohibition laws in the United States. The commission, led by former Attorney General George W. Wickersham, conducted a comprehensive study of the criminal justice system, including issues related to law enforcement, organized crime, and the effectiveness of prohibition. Its findings and recommendations highlighted the challenges and shortcomings of prohibition enforcement and contributed to discussions on criminal justice reform during that time.