Chapter 09 Special Needs Flashcards
What is “immuno-compromise” and why should an athlete be concerned with it? What key vitamins and minerals are associated with immune function?
Diminished immune response due to medications illness, age, etc. Intense training and competition can lead to immuno-compromise. Vitamin A Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 Thiamin Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Copper Iron Magnesium Selenium Zinc
What major factors must the athlete consider when trying to increase energy intake?
They may need 3000-5000kcal a day which can be a challenge.
What is the relationship between amino acid consumption for exercise and muscle tissue?
Pre-exercise amino acid consumption can reduce the amount of muscle tissue used as a fuel source. Protein and carbs after exercise can shift body into positive protein status.
What main strategies can be used to alter an athletes body composition?
Nutrient partitioning, improving meal spacing, adjusting macronutrient intake based on body type, nutritional periodization, and water manipulation strategies.
List and highlight the key factors involved in the three stages of injury repair.
Stage 1- inflammation
Clear out damaged/dead cells and lay down new cells
Pain
Swelling
Redness/heat-additional blood is shunted to the area
Stage 2 - the proliferation phase
Fibroblast multiply, with collagen forms scar tissue
Stage 3 - remodeling phase
Collagen I layer down after scar tissue.
What is the relationship between calorie intake and injury recovery?
Energy need increase during acute injury recovery.
BMR increase by 15%-50%
List three dietary components that encourage inflammation. List three dietary components that limit inflammation.
Increase- high trans fat, omega 6 veggie oils and saturated fat
Decrease- mono saturated fats, and omega 3 fats
What micronutrients may require supplementation during injury recovery? Why?
Should increase omega-3 with fish oil
Nuts, seeds, olive oil
Avoid vitamin E supplements
Should supplement with vitamin A
What herbs have shown anti-inflammatory properties?
Turmeric, garlic, bromeliad, boswellia, flavonoids
How common are plant-based diet among the general population?
2%, 1% vegan
What is the relationship between a well-planned, plant-based diet and many chronic diseases?
Lead to Less cardiovascular diseases, cancers, bowel diseases, diabetes and metabolic syndrome
What is the relationship between a well-planned, plant-based diet and the environment?
Less greenhouse gases, less livestock waste, less water used,
What nutrients maybe lacking in a plant-based diet? How can they be included?
Vitamin B 12 from fortified products and nutritional yeast
Calcium is found in green leafy vegetables, calcium set tofu, fortified nondairy beverages, legumes and nuts.
Iodine – kelp and other sea vegetables, asparagus, green leafy vegetables, iodized salt
Omega – 3, flax, hemp,walnuts, canola, seaweed, salba
Vitamin D
Zinc, quinoa, wheat germ, Aduki beans, lentils, chickpeas, sesame seeds, almonds, peanuts, pumpkin seeds, cocoa powder, hemp seeds, goji berries and dried apricots
List the critical factors that often initiate disordered eating behaviors. Briefly explain why.
Strict dieting and the inability to adjust to environmental stressors
How many men and women are estimated to have some form of disordered eating?
8 million in the US have anorexia nervosa bulimia or related eating disorders
Describe the difference between type 1 and type II diabetes mellitus.
Type 1 – an absolute insulin deficiency in which the pancreas does not produce adequate insulin
Type 2- Cells are insulin resistant
What is glycation? How is it related to diabetes management and nutrition?
The binding of a sugar molecule without the controlling action of an enzyme. Can lead to organ damage and eventually to organ failure.
What major factor predisposes someone to type II diabetes mellitus? Why?
Genetics, Western diet that is high processed foods, sugar, animal fat, combined with a sedentary lifestyle
List the major correlates of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Briefly describe the relationship for each.
High blood pressure- Pressure within blood vessels can treat vascular injury which can initiate the plaque-forming process
High LDL cholesterol- Small LDL particles can get stuck in the artery walls and can become oxidize
High triglycerides
Obesity-Visceral adipose tissue is a highly productive chemical factory that generates inflammatory proteins such as interleukin six, c-reactive protein and fibrinogen
Diabetes Mellitus
Inactivity Unmanage stress Heredity Fat intake Fruit and vegetable intake Fiber and carbohydrate intake
What major areas of the diet can be altered to help prevent diabetes and cardiovascular disease?
Increase fruit and vegetable intake, increase fiber carbohydrate intake, Decrease animal fat intake
How do calorie requirements change with pregnancy?
Calorie requirements increase, calorie intake could be 2500 or 3000 kcal per day
What dietary components should be avoided during pregnancy? Why?
Avoid alcohol and caffeine, tobacco, cured meats and raw eggs and raw seafood, artificial sweeteners, more than 6 ounces of fish per week, empty calories
