Chapter 02 Food Intake Flashcards
When you speak with clients about nutrition, why would it be important to talk about food and nutrition?
The higher quality food, the better the physiological response will be for digestion, absorption and nutrient delivery process.
Combo of macronutrients are important and work together in digestion process. Example, wheat bread and table sugar.
Food is what we eat.
How much of the food we swallow is actually digested and absorbed? What could influence this process?
About 97% is digested and absorbed.
Can be lower with low gut health, gut diseases, food intolerances, etc.
What are the three possible fates of food components after being processed and entering the bloodstream?
Storage, energy production or excretion
Briefly describe what must happen between bonds to produce energy. What compounds mediate this process?
Carbon-hydrogen bonds are broken to release energy. The will help join ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and phosphate to make ATP. ATP is used for muscle contraction, nutrient uptake and more.
What are enterocytes? Why is surface area so important in relation to them?
Enterocytes in small intestine absorb nutrients. Small villi increase surface area for optimal absorption.
Gives more time for nutrient absorption.
Through what organ do most nutrients travel once they enter circulation?
Liver
Briefly describe the mouth, including structure and function.
Masticates food
Amylase begins digestion of starch
Lipase works on fats but little fat digestion in mouth.
Briefly describe the stomach, including structure and function.
Three parts, fundus, body, Antrum
Pyloric sphincter regulate chime into small intestine
Four layers
- Gastric mucosa - mucous fluid containing digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid.
- Submucosa - connective tissue
- Muscularis externa - smooth muscle fibers that squeeze food towards small intestine.
- Serosa - connective tissue connects with abdominal peritoneum
High acidity- breaks down food and kills pathogenic bacteria
1-4 hours to empty, in order, carbs, proteins, fiber and fats
Briefly describe the small intestine, including structure and function.
3 main parts
- Duodenum - 1.5ft, pancreatic juices to neutralize acid and further breakdown, bile from gall bladder is released with emulsification of fat.
- Jejunum - 7-10ft
- Ileum- 10-13ft, at end ileocecal valve to large intestine
Briefly describe the large intestine, including structure and function.
First section call the cecum.
Large intestine absorbs sodium, potassium, acids, gases and water. Feces is left.
Has most. Numerous and diverse bacteria.
- Ferments left over nutrients
- Prevents harmful bacteria or yeasts taking over
- Removes carcinogens and boost immune system
- Prevent allergy
- Prevents inflammatory bowel disease
What is the purpose of bile and where is it stored?
Adds in emulsification of fats
Created in liver, stored in gall bladder
Briefly describe the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas.
98% Exocrine acinar cells secrete pancreatic juice- digestive enzymes and alkaline bicarbonate based fluid helps to neutralize stomach acid. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase
2% Endocrine - hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, glucoregulatory hormones
List each major hormone that helps to coordinate GI function. When possible, identify the major function of the hormone and the site of release.
Gastrin- cells in stomach and small intestine, helps to signal the release of HCL and pepsinogen.
Secretin- S cells, travels to the pancreas and bile ducts to produce pancreatic fluid, inhibits gastric release, enhances effects of CCK.
Cholecystokinin - mucosal cells in the duodenum. Signals to pancreas for pancreatic enzymes. Stimulates gallbladder contraction, asks as satiety hormone to signal brain that you are full.
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP). - epithelial cells of the small intestine, enhances the release of insulin, inhibits gastric secretions
Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) - similar to GIP
Motilin - cells of small intestine, promotes smooth muscle contractions of GI tract.
Somatostatin - stomach, intestine, pancreas. Suppresses release of hormones already mentioned.
Peptide - small and large intestine, to suppress appetite.
Gherkin - released in response to low food intake to increase appetite, stimulates release of growth hormone.
What are the three mechanisms of absorption through the GI barrier? Point out the highlights for each mechanism.
Simple diffusion - molecules moves from high concentration to low.
Facilitated diffusion - molecules bind to specific transport/carrier proteins.
Active Transport- uses carrier protein against a concentration gradient, uses energy.
What is food intolerance? What are the most common foods,that trigger that reaction.
Gut reacts poorly to a specific food.
Dairy, yeast, gluten,fructose or sugar
