Chapter 01 Cell Structure

Question 1

What is the highest level of organization of the body? Provide levels of organization.

Answer 1

Organism
Organ Systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelle
Chemical

Question 2

What is metabolism?

Answer 2

Sum of reactions that take place to build up or break down the body.

Question 3

What are the 11 organ systems?

Answer 3

1. Integumentary - protects body from external damage
2. Skeletal - supports body by rigid structure
3. Muscular- produces movement
4. Nervous - electrochemical cellular communication
5. Endocrine - chemical cellular communication
6. Circulatory - transports chemicals
7. Immune - protects against pathogens
8. Respiratory - oxygen in, carbon dioxide out
9. Digestive - breaks down and absorbs nutrients
10. Urinary- produces, stores, eliminates urine
11. Reproductive- human reproduction

Question 4

What are the four major tissue types?

Answer 4

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Question 5

What is the purpose of enzymes in the human body? How does nutrition play a role in how enzymes work?

Answer 5

Enzymes are catalysts that facilitate and speed up chemical reactions in the body. They are proteins.

Nutrition influences enzymatic functions.

Question 6

Briefly describe why people respond differently to the digestion and absorption of certain foods.

Answer 6

We have genetic polymorphisms that will impact very specific enzyme functions that relate to break down or absorption.

Question 7

List seven important organelles. Function and explanation.

Answer 7

1. Plasma membrane - made of lipids, keeps bad out, good in
2. Mitochondrion- converting fat, protein, carbs to energy
3. Nucleus - has our DNA
4. Endoplasmic reticulum - receive instructions from DNA to make and transport proteins.
5. Golgi apparatus - works with ER
6. Lysosome- contain enzymes, breaks down stuff and protects cells, garbage disposal
7. Peroxisome - similar to lysosomes, detoxify harmful stuff that enters cells.

Question 8

Why does the fat we eat in influence the structure of the plasma membrane?

Answer 8

The plasma membrane is made up of lipids.
If we eat high saturates fat, then makes the membrane more rigid. Need adequate amounts of polyunsaturated fat to make membrane more fluid.

Question 9

Provide an example and brief description of a protein receptor initiating a signal transduction cascade.

Answer 9

When we eat carbohydrates, the hormone insulin binds to a specific protein receptor in one of our cell membranes. This ligand alters the cells carbohydrate uptake by up regulating the number and operation of protein molecules within the cell that bring glucose into the cell.

Question 10

Why are transport proteins important?

Answer 10

Transport proteins allow the passage of water-soluble molecules between spaces inside the cells and spaces outside the cells. Can take place by facilitated diffusion or active transport.

This type of cellular transport allows necessary molecules, such as vitamins, minerals, glucose, and amino acids into cells.

Question 11

What are the two models that describe how enzymes work? Briefly describe each.

Answer 11

Lock-and-key model, enzyme and chemical substrate fit tightly together.

Induced fit model, enzyme and chemical substrate undergo structural changes when close to one another.