Chap.16: Human Sexual Reproductive System Flashcards
What is sexual reproduction?
- Offspring is produced by fertillisation, by fusion of egg and sperm cell
- Fertillised egg develops to an embryo
- Genetic DNA is diff. from parent
Define heredity
The passing down of genetic material from one generation to the next during sexual reproduction
Define puberty
The body undergoes physical changes and matures sexually. Developing into an adult
Begins with hormone production
What are hormones?
- Chemicals found in the body, small quantities in blood
- Huge effect on organ system, controls and coordinate activities throughout the body, which triggers organ to function
Function of the testis
- Produce sperm
- Produces male sex hormones/testosterone, which controls sexual development in the body
Function of sperm duct
Carries sperm to urethra
Function of sex glands (male)
Provides nutrient fluid to nourish the sperm
Function of the urethra (male)
- Allows sperm to pass through during ejaculation
- Allows urine to be removed from the body
Function of penis (male)
- Deposits semen, a white liquid made of nutrient fluid and sperm
- Into vagina during ejaculation
Function of ovary (female)
- Produces egg calls since birth
- Releases mature egg once every 28 days after puberty
- Produces female sex hormones which control sexual development of the body
Function of oviduct (female)
- Tube where egg is released from
- Fertillisation usually occurs there
Function of uterus (female)
- Muscular organ where embryo develops into foetus during pregnancy
- Strong contractions help push baby out of cervix
- Has uterine lining which thickens to prepare for implantation, and breaks down when no ferterlliasation occurs
Function of cervix (female)
- Opening of the uterus
- Connects uterus to vagina
Function of vagina (female)
- Where sperms are deposited
- Known as birth canal as well
Define fertillisation
The fusion of female and male sex cells
What happens post-fertillisation?
- Fertillised egg turns to embryo
- Embryo travles down oviduct
- Implants on wall of uterus
- Develops into a foetus
What happens during day 1-5 of the menstrual cycle?
Menstuation occurs, where unfertillised egg is expelled, and uterine lining breaks down and is removed from uterus through vagina
What happens during day 6-9 of the mentrual cycle?
The Follicular stage
* Uterine lining thickens with many blood vessels formed
* Prepares uterus for implantation of embryo
What happens during day 10-15 of the mentrual cycle?
Fertile period
* Ovulation occurs on day 14, where a mature egg is released from one ovary to the oviduct
* Women are most fertile and is most likely to get pregnant during this period
What happens from day 18-28 of the menstual cycle?
Luteal stage
* Uterine lining continues to thicken
* If no fertillisation, egg cell will break down , uterine lining will be maintained till end of cycle, and it repeats
* If fertillisation occurs, a fertillised egg that is formed develops to an embryo which will move towards uterus, implants itself into uterine lining. Uterine lining is maintained throughout the whole way
Purpose of spermicide
- Cream that kills sperm in the vagina
- May be used alone or with condoms or diaphragm
What is a diaphragm? (birth control)
- Dome-shaped plastic item
- Placed in vagina to cover cervix
- Prevents sperm from entering uterus
What is a IUD (birth control)
- Item containing copper
- Inserted into uterus by doctor
- Prevents fertillisation
- Prevents implantation
- Lasts 3 to 10 years
What is tubal ligation?
- Oviducts are surgically cut and tied
- Mature eggs cannot reach oviducts to be fertillised
What is vasectomy?
- Sperm ducts are sugically cut and tied
- During ejaculation, semen does not contain sperm
- Any sperm produced will be broken down in the testes
How can STIs be transmitted?
- Sexual intercourse
- Blood transfusions
- Sharing of unsterillised or contaminated needles
- From a mother to infant during child birth or breastfeeding
What are the different types of STIs?
Bacterial:
* Syphilis
* Gonorrhoea
Antibiotics can be used for treatment
Viral:
* Human Immunodeficiancy Virus (HIV)
No antibiotics can be used for virus
