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GES 105 > Chap 9- PRINCIPLES OF LIVESTOCK, FISHERIES DISEASE PREVENTION, CONTROL AND PUBLIC HEALTH > Flashcards

Chap 9- PRINCIPLES OF LIVESTOCK, FISHERIES DISEASE PREVENTION, CONTROL AND PUBLIC HEALTH Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of disease?

A

Any structural or functional deviation from the normal in the system of an animal

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2
Q

Define communicable disease

A

An illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products which can be transmitted from an infected host to a susceptible host either directly or indirectly

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3
Q

What is an allergen?

A

A specific substance that causes hypersensitivity (allergy) when inhaled or contacted with the body (e.g. hay pollen dog/cat hair particles horse/cow/sheep dandruff)

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4
Q

What is the communicable period?

A

The time during which an infectious agent may be transferred from an infected individual to another person/animal

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5
Q

Define incubation period

A

The period between contacting a disease agent and the time the disease shows itself clinically

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6
Q

What is epizootiology?

A

The study of the occurrence and spread of disease in populations in order to control it

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7
Q

What is case fatality rate?

A

The number of people that died per 100 cases of a disease

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8
Q

Define carrier in disease context

A

An infected individual that harbors a specific infectious agent without showing clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection

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9
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance capable of inducing specific immune response (e.g. Yellow fever vaccine)

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10
Q

What are fomites?

A

Inanimate objects or personal articles that can transmit infectious agents (e.g. handkerchief drinking glass clothing toys)

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11
Q

Define isolation in disease control

A

The separation of infected persons/animals from others during the communicable period to prevent disease transmission

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12
Q

What is cyclicity in disease patterns?

A

Seasonal recurrent alterations in disease frequency implying a link between disease cause and seasonal aspects

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13
Q

What is etiology?

A

The study of the causes of a disease

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14
Q

Define prognosis

A

The outlook regarding the outcome of an illness (e.g. complete recovery partial recovery or death)

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15
Q

What is a pathogenic agent?

A

An agent usually infectious that is capable of causing disease

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16
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

The resistance of a group to invasion/spread of an infectious agent based on high proportion of immune individual members

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17
Q

Define complete quarantine

A

Limitation of movement for exposed persons/animals for duration not longer than the longest incubation period of the disease

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18
Q

What is prophylaxis?

A

Prevention or preventive actions taken prior to the onset of disease

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19
Q

Define chemotherapy in disease context

A

The use of chemicals to cure a clinically recognizable infectious disease or limit its progress

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20
Q

What is chemoprophylaxis?

A

Administration of chemicals including antibiotics to prevent infection development or progression

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21
Q

Define infestation

A

The lodgement development and reproduction of arthropods on body surface or clothing

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22
Q

What is an immune individual?

A

A person/animal with specific protective antibodies/cellular immunity from previous infection or immunization

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23
Q

What is disease prevention?

A

The application of measures to exclude diseases from an unaffected population (first line of defense)

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24
Q

What is disease control?

A

Measures directed at reducing existing disease frequency to a level without significant public health/economic consequences

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25
Q

Define disease eradication

A

Efforts directed at eliminating disease agents from a geographical area

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26
Q

List main reasons for disease prevention

A

1) Prevent mortality 2) Maintain productivity 3) Prevent disruption of herd structure 4) Protect public health

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27
Q

What are the three common methods of disease transmission?

A

1) Contact transmission 2) Vehicle transmission 3) Vector transmission

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28
Q

What is direct contact transmission?

A

Physical contact between infected and susceptible individuals

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29
Q

What is indirect contact transmission?

A

Contact through fresh secretions or aerosol droplets between infected and susceptible individuals

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30
Q

What is vehicle transmission?

A

Transmission through inanimate substances like feed water dust and equipment

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31
Q

What is vector transmission?

A

Transmission by invertebrate animals carrying infectious agents between vertebrates

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32
Q

What are key aspects of good husbandry practices?

A

1) Stock disease-free animals 2) Isolate new animals 3) Maintain adequate ventilation 4) Avoid overstocking

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33
Q

How can host resistance be modified?

A

Through genetic resistance transfer of passive immunity and stimulating acquired resistance (e.g. vaccination)

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34
Q

What is the purpose of quarantine?

A

To enforce physical separation of infected/potentially infected animals from healthy population

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35
Q

What role do chemicals play in disease control?

A

Used for disinfection pest control and treatment (antibiotics anthelmintics etc)

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36
Q

What is biological control in disease management?

A

Using living organisms to control disease agents vectors or reservoir populations

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37
Q

Why is extension education important in disease control?

A

Helps educate farmers/public about disease recognition prevention and control measures

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38
Q

What causes mastitis in cattle/sheep/goats?

A

Infectious agents like Streptococcus beris S. dysgalactiae and Corynebacterium pyogenes

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39
Q

How can mastitis be prevented?

A

1) Treat affected animals 2) Cull chronic cases 3) Dip teats after milking 4) Maintain hygiene

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40
Q

What causes tetanus and its symptoms?

A

Caused by Clostridium tetani symptoms: limb stiffness muscle tremor lockjaw hyperesthesia

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41
Q

How is salmonellosis prevented?

A

1) Prevent carrier animals 2) Avoid contaminated food 3) Disinfect farm 4) Prevent water contamination

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42
Q

What is liver fluke disease and its symptoms?

A

Caused by Fascioloides/Dicrocoelium symptoms: weakness loss of appetite weight loss bottle jaw

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43
Q

What causes hookworm disease and its effects?

A

Caused by Bunostomum species effects: poor growth blood loss anemia abdominal pain

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44
Q

What is foot and mouth disease?

A

Highly contagious disease with fever and vesicular eruptions in mouth/foot affects cloven-footed animals

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45
Q

How is rinderpest prevented?

A

1) Periodic vaccination of susceptible livestock 2) Complete elimination of affected animals

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46
Q

What is Kata disease?

A

Acute viral disease in goats/sheep with fever loss of appetite nasal discharge respiratory distress

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47
Q

What causes trypanosomosis and its symptoms?

A

Caused by Trypanosoma species symptoms: intermittent fever dullness swollen lymph nodes

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48
Q

What are key effects of rodents in farms?

A

1) Disease spread 2) Building damage 3) Grain consumption/spoilage 4) Harm to livestock

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49
Q

How can rodents be controlled?

A

1) Sanitation 2) Physical methods 3) Biological control 4) Electric devices 5) Chemical control

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50
Q

What is the all-in-all-out system?

A

A husbandry system ensuring new stock has no contact with old potentially diseased stock

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51
Q

Why is environmental hygiene important?

A

Most diseases result from ecological imbalance reducing severity through improved ventilation lighting and cleaning helps prevent disease

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52
Q

What factors are important in fish health management?

A

Water quality temperature dissolved oxygen nitrite levels turbidity alkalinity and carbon dioxide concentration

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53
Q

How does vaccination work?

A

Inoculation with living/dead antigenic preparations to protect against specific diseases

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54
Q

What is selective slaughter in disease control?

A

Killing of test-positive animals after immunological screening to prevent disease spread

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55
Q

What are important water parameters for fish health?

A

Temperature dissolved oxygen nitrite concentration turbidity alkalinity carbon dioxide levels

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56
Q

When should new animals be quarantined?

A

When introduced to a farm to ensure they’re disease-free before mixing with existing stock

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57
Q

What is the role of veterinary extension services?

A

Educate farmers/public about disease recognition prevention and control methods

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58
Q

How does stress affect disease susceptibility?

A

Increased stress reduces animal resistance making them more susceptible to infections

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59
Q

What is zoonotic disease?

A

Diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans

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60
Q

Why is antibiotic resistance a concern?

A

Due to misuse in humans/animals leading to reduced treatment effectiveness

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61
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Immunity transferred from mother to offspring through colostrum

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62
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Immunity developed by an animal through exposure to disease/vaccination

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63
Q

How does herd structure affect productivity?

A

Disease-related deaths/culling can lower productivity by preventing animals from reaching full potential

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64
Q

What are transboundary animal diseases?

A

Diseases that don’t respect geographical boundaries requiring global surveillance

65
Q

Why is colostrum important for newborns?

A

Provides passive immunity within first three days of life

66
Q

What organizations monitor global animal health?

A

WHO OIE and FAO

67
Q

What is the purpose of disease surveillance?

A

To monitor detect and respond to disease outbreaks

68
Q

How do vectors transmit disease?

A

By carrying infectious agents between vertebrate hosts either mechanically or biologically

69
Q

What is mechanical transmission?

A

Physical transfer of disease agents without agent development

70
Q

What is biological transmission?

A

Transfer of disease agents with further development/multiplication in the vector

71
Q

Why is proper ventilation important?

A

Reduces aerosol disease transmission in intensive housing systems

72
Q

How does overcrowding affect disease spread?

A

Increases stress and contact between animals facilitating disease transmission

73
Q

What is the importance of water quality in fish farming?

A

Poor water quality can stress fish making them more susceptible to disease

74
Q

Why are drug residues a concern?

A

Can affect human health through consumption of animal products

75
Q

What is stamping out in disease control?

A

Complete depopulation of infected/exposed animals to prevent disease spread

76
Q

How do disinfectants help prevent disease?

A

Reduce or eliminate infectious agents in the environment

77
Q

Why is public health education important?

A

Helps reduce economic/social impact of epidemic diseases especially zoonoses

78
Q

Front

A

Back

79
Q

What is the definition of zoonoses according to FAO/WHO?

A

Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man

80
Q

What percentage of human infections are traceable or suspected to be zoonotic?

A

Over 80%

81
Q

Name the three types of myiasis based on body areas affected.

A

1) Cutaneous myiasis 2) Myiasis in cavities of the body 3) Tissue myiasis

82
Q

What are the two types of myiasis based on host dependence?

A

1) Facultative myiasis (larvae are free living) 2) Obligatory myiasis (larvae are dependent on host)

83
Q

What is brucellosis also known as?

A

Undulant fever, Gillbrata fever, Bang’s disease (in cattle), Mediterranean fever

84
Q

What are the two main species of Brucella that affect humans?

A

Brucella abortus (from cattle) and Brucella melitensis (from goat)

85
Q

How is brucellosis transmitted to humans?

A

Through drinking unpasteurized milk, contact with tissues, blood, urine, and vaginal discharges of infected animals

86
Q

What are the three clinical forms of anthrax in humans?

A

Cutaneous (skin form), pulmonary (respiratory), and gastrointestinal form

87
Q

Which form of anthrax is most common in humans and what is its mortality rate?

A

Cutaneous form, with 5-20% mortality rate if untreated

88
Q

What are the three types of Mycobacterium that cause tuberculosis?

A

M. tuberculosis (human TB), M. bovis (cattle TB), M. avium (bird TB)

89
Q

What is botulism and what causes it?

A

A serious food poisoning caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum

90
Q

What are the main symptoms of botulism?

A

Extreme mouth dryness, weakness, blurred vision, double vision, vomiting, diarrhea, and nervous system problems

91
Q

How long do botulism patients typically survive if untreated?

A

3 to 7 days due to respiratory or nervous system failure

92
Q

What is Campylobacteriosis and what organisms cause it?

A

An enteric bacterial infection caused by Campylobacter jejune or C. fetus

93
Q

What animals can serve as reservoirs for Campylobacteriosis?

A

Cattle, sheep, pigs, cats, dogs, and chicken

94
Q

What is the shape of the rabies virus?

A

Bullet shaped

95
Q

Name three areas that are currently free of rabies.

A

Australia, New Zealand, Japan

96
Q

What is the typical incubation period for rabies?

A

2 to 8 weeks

97
Q

What factors affect the rabies incubation period?

A

Severity of wound, site of wound, richness of nerve supply, distance from brain, amount of virus, clothing protection

98
Q

How long before clinical signs can dogs and cats transmit rabies?

A

3 to 10 days

99
Q

What is the observation period for a healthy dog or cat that has bitten someone?

A

10 days

100
Q

What are the two types of yellow fever?

A

Cosmopolitan Yellow Fever (CYF) and Jungle Yellow Fever (JYF)

101
Q

Which type of yellow fever is more dangerous?

A

Jungle Yellow Fever (JYF)

102
Q

How is yellow fever transmitted?

A

Through the bite of an infected mosquito

103
Q

What are the symptoms of yellow fever?

A

Cold, chills, liver damage, jaundice, weakness

104
Q

Where was Lassa fever first discovered?

A

In Nigeria (Lassa village)

105
Q

What is the reservoir host for Lassa fever?

A

Multimammate rat

106
Q

How is Lassa fever transmitted?

A

Through contamination of environment by rat feces and urine

107
Q

What age group is most at risk for monkey pox?

A

Children under 10 years

108
Q

What causes sleeping sickness in West Africa?

A

Trypanosoma gambiense

109
Q

What causes sleeping sickness in East Africa?

A

Trypanosoma rhodesiense

110
Q

How is trypanosomiasis transmitted?

A

Through the bite of an infected tsetse fly (glossina)

111
Q

What are the early symptoms of trypanosomiasis?

A

Sleeplessness, difficult breathing, altered vision, anemia, muscular pain

112
Q

What is toxoplasmosis and what causes it?

A

A parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii

113
Q

What animals serve as the definitive host for toxoplasmosis?

A

Cats

114
Q

What are the risks of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy?

A

Can cause abortion, blindness, and deafness in newborn babies

115
Q

How many species of flies belong to the order Diptera?

A

Many - it’s a large complex order

116
Q

What characterizes most members of the order Diptera?

A

They have two wings as adults

117
Q

What diseases can houseflies transmit?

A

They transmit diseases to farm animals through contaminated saliva

118
Q

What disease does the tsetse fly transmit?

A

Trypanosoma gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei, causing sleeping sickness

119
Q

What do fleas do to animals and poultry?

A

They suck blood and transmit diseases

120
Q

What disease agents do cockroaches contaminate food with?

A

Salmonella, Clostridia, and Staphylococci

121
Q

What do Ham and Hide beetles do to meat?

A

Create holes in meat, lowering economic value, and carry Clostridium botulinum spores

122
Q

List five ways to control insects.

A

1) Destroy breeding sites 2) Control entry with screens 3) Control inside buildings 4) Use chemical insecticides 5) Biological control

123
Q

What is a non-residual insecticide and where is it ideal for use?

A

Ideal for edible processing areas

124
Q

What is Pyrethrium and what are its characteristics?

A

A plant extract insecticide with good knockdown effect and safety

125
Q

What are five ways birds can cause damage?

A

1) Consume foodstuffs 2) Cause economic loss 3) Carry diseases 4) Affect comfort and power systems 5) Act as predators

126
Q

How can birds be controlled?

A

Through proper husbandry techniques, trapping, shooting, and aerial spraying

127
Q

What classifications can be used for zoonoses?

A

1) Aetiology 2) Reservoir Host 3) Infectious cycle

128
Q

What are the types of zoonoses based on reservoir host?

A

Anthropozoonoses, Zooanthroponoses, Amphixenoses

129
Q

Define direct zoonoses.

A

Transmission by contact or vehicle, requiring single vertebrate reservoir species

130
Q

What are cyclozoonoses?

A

Diseases requiring at least two vertebrate species to complete infectious cycles

131
Q

Define metazoonoses.

A

Diseases transmitted by invertebrate vectors and requiring intermediate hosts

132
Q

What are saprozoonoses?

A

Diseases requiring organic or inanimate matter as a reservoir

133
Q

Why do we study zoonoses? List three reasons.

A

1) Competition for food and water 2) Human consumption of vertebrate hosts 3) Keeping vertebrate hosts as pets

134
Q

What are the symptoms of campylobacteriosis?

A

Severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, vomiting, weakness

135
Q

How is rabies typically transmitted to humans?

A

Through the bite of an infected animal

136
Q

What should be done with unvaccinated dogs and cats bitten by rabid animals?

A

They should be destroyed immediately

137
Q

What are the post-exposure prophylaxis steps for rabies?

A

1) Physical removal of virus through wound cleansing 2) Specific immunologic protection

138
Q

How is yellow fever virus maintained in nature?

A

It circulates between forest monkeys and mosquitoes

139
Q

What precautions should be taken to prevent Lassa fever?

A

Control rats, keep foods covered, clean drinking utensils

140
Q

How does trypanosomiasis progress if untreated?

A

Progresses to weakness and sleeping sickness, followed by coma and death

141
Q

What are three non-human primate malaria characteristics?

A

Transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes, cause low-grade fevers, can infect humans

142
Q

Who is most at risk for severe babesiosis?

A

People who have had their spleen removed

143
Q

How can toxoplasmosis be prevented in cats?

A

Regular veterinary check-ups, preventing cats from hunting rats

144
Q

What is myiasis?

A

The migration of fly larvae in subcutaneous tissues or organs

145
Q

What are common breeding sites for flies that should be destroyed?

A

Vegetation, rubbish, uncovered drains

146
Q

What are residual insecticides used for?

A

Outside buildings, drains, and garbage breeding sites

147
Q

Name three examples of residual insecticides.

A

D.D.T., B.H.C. (Lindane), Chloridane

148
Q

What is the recommended Malathion solution concentration?

A

0.025-0.125%

149
Q

What is the recommended concentration for Potassium sorbate solution against fungi?

A

5-10%

150
Q

How can birds damage power infrastructure?

A

Woodpeckers can damage telephone and power poles

151
Q

What disease can parrots transmit to humans?

A

Ornithosis

152
Q

What animals do golden eagles commonly predate on?

A

Sheep and goats, especially newly born animals

153
Q

How should anthrax-infected animal carcasses be handled?

A

They should be condemned at abattoirs by veterinary public health doctors

154
Q

What are the symptoms of bovine tuberculosis in humans?

A

Cervical adenitis, spine inflammation, intestinal and bladder problems

155
Q

What is the primary way humans contract tuberculosis from cattle?

A

By drinking contaminated unpasteurized milk

156
Q

How should food be handled to prevent botulism?

A

Adequate cooking or boiling to destroy pathogens and toxins

157
Q

What should you check for when buying canned foods like sardines?

A

Check for swollen tins which may indicate bacterial gas production

158
Q

Why is spleen removal dangerous in relation to babesiosis?

A

It removes natural protection against the infection

GES 105 (10 decks)

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