Chap 9- PRINCIPLES OF LIVESTOCK, FISHERIES DISEASE PREVENTION, CONTROL AND PUBLIC HEALTH Flashcards
1
Q
What is the definition of disease?
A
Any structural or functional deviation from the normal in the system of an animal
2
Q
Define communicable disease
A
An illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products which can be transmitted from an infected host to a susceptible host either directly or indirectly
3
Q
What is an allergen?
A
A specific substance that causes hypersensitivity (allergy) when inhaled or contacted with the body (e.g. hay pollen dog/cat hair particles horse/cow/sheep dandruff)
4
Q
What is the communicable period?
A
The time during which an infectious agent may be transferred from an infected individual to another person/animal
5
Q
Define incubation period
A
The period between contacting a disease agent and the time the disease shows itself clinically
6
Q
What is epizootiology?
A
The study of the occurrence and spread of disease in populations in order to control it
7
Q
What is case fatality rate?
A
The number of people that died per 100 cases of a disease
8
Q
Define carrier in disease context
A
An infected individual that harbors a specific infectious agent without showing clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection
9
Q
What is an antigen?
A
A substance capable of inducing specific immune response (e.g. Yellow fever vaccine)
10
Q
What are fomites?
A
Inanimate objects or personal articles that can transmit infectious agents (e.g. handkerchief drinking glass clothing toys)
11
Q
Define isolation in disease control
A
The separation of infected persons/animals from others during the communicable period to prevent disease transmission
12
Q
What is cyclicity in disease patterns?
A
Seasonal recurrent alterations in disease frequency implying a link between disease cause and seasonal aspects
13
Q
What is etiology?
A
The study of the causes of a disease
14
Q
Define prognosis
A
The outlook regarding the outcome of an illness (e.g. complete recovery partial recovery or death)
15
Q
What is a pathogenic agent?
A
An agent usually infectious that is capable of causing disease
16
Q
What is herd immunity?
A
The resistance of a group to invasion/spread of an infectious agent based on high proportion of immune individual members
17
Q
Define complete quarantine
A
Limitation of movement for exposed persons/animals for duration not longer than the longest incubation period of the disease
18
Q
What is prophylaxis?
A
Prevention or preventive actions taken prior to the onset of disease
19
Q
Define chemotherapy in disease context
A
The use of chemicals to cure a clinically recognizable infectious disease or limit its progress
20
Q
What is chemoprophylaxis?
A
Administration of chemicals including antibiotics to prevent infection development or progression
21
Q
Define infestation
A
The lodgement development and reproduction of arthropods on body surface or clothing
22
Q
What is an immune individual?
A
A person/animal with specific protective antibodies/cellular immunity from previous infection or immunization
23
Q
What is disease prevention?
A
The application of measures to exclude diseases from an unaffected population (first line of defense)
24
Q
What is disease control?
A
Measures directed at reducing existing disease frequency to a level without significant public health/economic consequences
25
Define disease eradication
Efforts directed at eliminating disease agents from a geographical area
26
List main reasons for disease prevention
1) Prevent mortality 2) Maintain productivity 3) Prevent disruption of herd structure 4) Protect public health
27
What are the three common methods of disease transmission?
1) Contact transmission 2) Vehicle transmission 3) Vector transmission
28
What is direct contact transmission?
Physical contact between infected and susceptible individuals
29
What is indirect contact transmission?
Contact through fresh secretions or aerosol droplets between infected and susceptible individuals
30
What is vehicle transmission?
Transmission through inanimate substances like feed water dust and equipment
31
What is vector transmission?
Transmission by invertebrate animals carrying infectious agents between vertebrates
32
What are key aspects of good husbandry practices?
1) Stock disease-free animals 2) Isolate new animals 3) Maintain adequate ventilation 4) Avoid overstocking
33
How can host resistance be modified?
Through genetic resistance transfer of passive immunity and stimulating acquired resistance (e.g. vaccination)
34
What is the purpose of quarantine?
To enforce physical separation of infected/potentially infected animals from healthy population
35
What role do chemicals play in disease control?
Used for disinfection pest control and treatment (antibiotics anthelmintics etc)
36
What is biological control in disease management?
Using living organisms to control disease agents vectors or reservoir populations
37
Why is extension education important in disease control?
Helps educate farmers/public about disease recognition prevention and control measures
38
What causes mastitis in cattle/sheep/goats?
Infectious agents like Streptococcus beris S. dysgalactiae and Corynebacterium pyogenes
39
How can mastitis be prevented?
1) Treat affected animals 2) Cull chronic cases 3) Dip teats after milking 4) Maintain hygiene
40
What causes tetanus and its symptoms?
Caused by Clostridium tetani symptoms: limb stiffness muscle tremor lockjaw hyperesthesia
41
How is salmonellosis prevented?
1) Prevent carrier animals 2) Avoid contaminated food 3) Disinfect farm 4) Prevent water contamination
42
What is liver fluke disease and its symptoms?
Caused by Fascioloides/Dicrocoelium symptoms: weakness loss of appetite weight loss bottle jaw
43
What causes hookworm disease and its effects?
Caused by Bunostomum species effects: poor growth blood loss anemia abdominal pain
44
What is foot and mouth disease?
Highly contagious disease with fever and vesicular eruptions in mouth/foot affects cloven-footed animals
45
How is rinderpest prevented?
1) Periodic vaccination of susceptible livestock 2) Complete elimination of affected animals
46
What is Kata disease?
Acute viral disease in goats/sheep with fever loss of appetite nasal discharge respiratory distress
47
What causes trypanosomosis and its symptoms?
Caused by Trypanosoma species symptoms: intermittent fever dullness swollen lymph nodes
48
What are key effects of rodents in farms?
1) Disease spread 2) Building damage 3) Grain consumption/spoilage 4) Harm to livestock
49
How can rodents be controlled?
1) Sanitation 2) Physical methods 3) Biological control 4) Electric devices 5) Chemical control
50
What is the all-in-all-out system?
A husbandry system ensuring new stock has no contact with old potentially diseased stock
51
Why is environmental hygiene important?
Most diseases result from ecological imbalance reducing severity through improved ventilation lighting and cleaning helps prevent disease
52
What factors are important in fish health management?
Water quality temperature dissolved oxygen nitrite levels turbidity alkalinity and carbon dioxide concentration
53
How does vaccination work?
Inoculation with living/dead antigenic preparations to protect against specific diseases
54
What is selective slaughter in disease control?
Killing of test-positive animals after immunological screening to prevent disease spread
55
What are important water parameters for fish health?
Temperature dissolved oxygen nitrite concentration turbidity alkalinity carbon dioxide levels
56
When should new animals be quarantined?
When introduced to a farm to ensure they're disease-free before mixing with existing stock
57
What is the role of veterinary extension services?
Educate farmers/public about disease recognition prevention and control methods
58
How does stress affect disease susceptibility?
Increased stress reduces animal resistance making them more susceptible to infections
59
What is zoonotic disease?
Diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans
60
Why is antibiotic resistance a concern?
Due to misuse in humans/animals leading to reduced treatment effectiveness
61
What is passive immunity?
Immunity transferred from mother to offspring through colostrum
62
What is active immunity?
Immunity developed by an animal through exposure to disease/vaccination
63
How does herd structure affect productivity?
Disease-related deaths/culling can lower productivity by preventing animals from reaching full potential
64
What are transboundary animal diseases?
Diseases that don't respect geographical boundaries requiring global surveillance
65
Why is colostrum important for newborns?
Provides passive immunity within first three days of life
66
What organizations monitor global animal health?
WHO OIE and FAO
67
What is the purpose of disease surveillance?
To monitor detect and respond to disease outbreaks
68
How do vectors transmit disease?
By carrying infectious agents between vertebrate hosts either mechanically or biologically
69
What is mechanical transmission?
Physical transfer of disease agents without agent development
70
What is biological transmission?
Transfer of disease agents with further development/multiplication in the vector
71
Why is proper ventilation important?
Reduces aerosol disease transmission in intensive housing systems
72
How does overcrowding affect disease spread?
Increases stress and contact between animals facilitating disease transmission
73
What is the importance of water quality in fish farming?
Poor water quality can stress fish making them more susceptible to disease
74
Why are drug residues a concern?
Can affect human health through consumption of animal products
75
What is stamping out in disease control?
Complete depopulation of infected/exposed animals to prevent disease spread
76
How do disinfectants help prevent disease?
Reduce or eliminate infectious agents in the environment
77
Why is public health education important?
Helps reduce economic/social impact of epidemic diseases especially zoonoses
78
Front
Back
79
What is the definition of zoonoses according to FAO/WHO?
Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man
80
What percentage of human infections are traceable or suspected to be zoonotic?
Over 80%
81
Name the three types of myiasis based on body areas affected.
1) Cutaneous myiasis 2) Myiasis in cavities of the body 3) Tissue myiasis
82
What are the two types of myiasis based on host dependence?
1) Facultative myiasis (larvae are free living) 2) Obligatory myiasis (larvae are dependent on host)
83
What is brucellosis also known as?
Undulant fever, Gillbrata fever, Bang's disease (in cattle), Mediterranean fever
84
What are the two main species of Brucella that affect humans?
Brucella abortus (from cattle) and Brucella melitensis (from goat)
85
How is brucellosis transmitted to humans?
Through drinking unpasteurized milk, contact with tissues, blood, urine, and vaginal discharges of infected animals
86
What are the three clinical forms of anthrax in humans?
Cutaneous (skin form), pulmonary (respiratory), and gastrointestinal form
87
Which form of anthrax is most common in humans and what is its mortality rate?
Cutaneous form, with 5-20% mortality rate if untreated
88
What are the three types of Mycobacterium that cause tuberculosis?
M. tuberculosis (human TB), M. bovis (cattle TB), M. avium (bird TB)
89
What is botulism and what causes it?
A serious food poisoning caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum
90
What are the main symptoms of botulism?
Extreme mouth dryness, weakness, blurred vision, double vision, vomiting, diarrhea, and nervous system problems
91
How long do botulism patients typically survive if untreated?
3 to 7 days due to respiratory or nervous system failure
92
What is Campylobacteriosis and what organisms cause it?
An enteric bacterial infection caused by Campylobacter jejune or C. fetus
93
What animals can serve as reservoirs for Campylobacteriosis?
Cattle, sheep, pigs, cats, dogs, and chicken
94
What is the shape of the rabies virus?
Bullet shaped
95
Name three areas that are currently free of rabies.
Australia, New Zealand, Japan
96
What is the typical incubation period for rabies?
2 to 8 weeks
97
What factors affect the rabies incubation period?
Severity of wound, site of wound, richness of nerve supply, distance from brain, amount of virus, clothing protection
98
How long before clinical signs can dogs and cats transmit rabies?
3 to 10 days
99
What is the observation period for a healthy dog or cat that has bitten someone?
10 days
100
What are the two types of yellow fever?
Cosmopolitan Yellow Fever (CYF) and Jungle Yellow Fever (JYF)
101
Which type of yellow fever is more dangerous?
Jungle Yellow Fever (JYF)
102
How is yellow fever transmitted?
Through the bite of an infected mosquito
103
What are the symptoms of yellow fever?
Cold, chills, liver damage, jaundice, weakness
104
Where was Lassa fever first discovered?
In Nigeria (Lassa village)
105
What is the reservoir host for Lassa fever?
Multimammate rat
106
How is Lassa fever transmitted?
Through contamination of environment by rat feces and urine
107
What age group is most at risk for monkey pox?
Children under 10 years
108
What causes sleeping sickness in West Africa?
Trypanosoma gambiense
109
What causes sleeping sickness in East Africa?
Trypanosoma rhodesiense
110
How is trypanosomiasis transmitted?
Through the bite of an infected tsetse fly (glossina)
111
What are the early symptoms of trypanosomiasis?
Sleeplessness, difficult breathing, altered vision, anemia, muscular pain
112
What is toxoplasmosis and what causes it?
A parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii
113
What animals serve as the definitive host for toxoplasmosis?
Cats
114
What are the risks of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy?
Can cause abortion, blindness, and deafness in newborn babies
115
How many species of flies belong to the order Diptera?
Many - it's a large complex order
116
What characterizes most members of the order Diptera?
They have two wings as adults
117
What diseases can houseflies transmit?
They transmit diseases to farm animals through contaminated saliva
118
What disease does the tsetse fly transmit?
Trypanosoma gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei, causing sleeping sickness
119
What do fleas do to animals and poultry?
They suck blood and transmit diseases
120
What disease agents do cockroaches contaminate food with?
Salmonella, Clostridia, and Staphylococci
121
What do Ham and Hide beetles do to meat?
Create holes in meat, lowering economic value, and carry Clostridium botulinum spores
122
List five ways to control insects.
1) Destroy breeding sites 2) Control entry with screens 3) Control inside buildings 4) Use chemical insecticides 5) Biological control
123
What is a non-residual insecticide and where is it ideal for use?
Ideal for edible processing areas
124
What is Pyrethrium and what are its characteristics?
A plant extract insecticide with good knockdown effect and safety
125
What are five ways birds can cause damage?
1) Consume foodstuffs 2) Cause economic loss 3) Carry diseases 4) Affect comfort and power systems 5) Act as predators
126
How can birds be controlled?
Through proper husbandry techniques, trapping, shooting, and aerial spraying
127
What classifications can be used for zoonoses?
1) Aetiology 2) Reservoir Host 3) Infectious cycle
128
What are the types of zoonoses based on reservoir host?
Anthropozoonoses, Zooanthroponoses, Amphixenoses
129
Define direct zoonoses.
Transmission by contact or vehicle, requiring single vertebrate reservoir species
130
What are cyclozoonoses?
Diseases requiring at least two vertebrate species to complete infectious cycles
131
Define metazoonoses.
Diseases transmitted by invertebrate vectors and requiring intermediate hosts
132
What are saprozoonoses?
Diseases requiring organic or inanimate matter as a reservoir
133
Why do we study zoonoses? List three reasons.
1) Competition for food and water 2) Human consumption of vertebrate hosts 3) Keeping vertebrate hosts as pets
134
What are the symptoms of campylobacteriosis?
Severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, vomiting, weakness
135
How is rabies typically transmitted to humans?
Through the bite of an infected animal
136
What should be done with unvaccinated dogs and cats bitten by rabid animals?
They should be destroyed immediately
137
What are the post-exposure prophylaxis steps for rabies?
1) Physical removal of virus through wound cleansing 2) Specific immunologic protection
138
How is yellow fever virus maintained in nature?
It circulates between forest monkeys and mosquitoes
139
What precautions should be taken to prevent Lassa fever?
Control rats, keep foods covered, clean drinking utensils
140
How does trypanosomiasis progress if untreated?
Progresses to weakness and sleeping sickness, followed by coma and death
141
What are three non-human primate malaria characteristics?
Transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes, cause low-grade fevers, can infect humans
142
Who is most at risk for severe babesiosis?
People who have had their spleen removed
143
How can toxoplasmosis be prevented in cats?
Regular veterinary check-ups, preventing cats from hunting rats
144
What is myiasis?
The migration of fly larvae in subcutaneous tissues or organs
145
What are common breeding sites for flies that should be destroyed?
Vegetation, rubbish, uncovered drains
146
What are residual insecticides used for?
Outside buildings, drains, and garbage breeding sites
147
Name three examples of residual insecticides.
D.D.T., B.H.C. (Lindane), Chloridane
148
What is the recommended Malathion solution concentration?
0.025-0.125%
149
What is the recommended concentration for Potassium sorbate solution against fungi?
5-10%
150
How can birds damage power infrastructure?
Woodpeckers can damage telephone and power poles
151
What disease can parrots transmit to humans?
Ornithosis
152
What animals do golden eagles commonly predate on?
Sheep and goats, especially newly born animals
153
How should anthrax-infected animal carcasses be handled?
They should be condemned at abattoirs by veterinary public health doctors
154
What are the symptoms of bovine tuberculosis in humans?
Cervical adenitis, spine inflammation, intestinal and bladder problems
155
What is the primary way humans contract tuberculosis from cattle?
By drinking contaminated unpasteurized milk
156
How should food be handled to prevent botulism?
Adequate cooking or boiling to destroy pathogens and toxins
157
What should you check for when buying canned foods like sardines?
Check for swollen tins which may indicate bacterial gas production
158
Why is spleen removal dangerous in relation to babesiosis?
It removes natural protection against the infection
