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GES 105 > Chap 4-Livestock Production in the Tropics > Flashcards

Chap 4-Livestock Production in the Tropics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary importance of protein in life sustenance?

A

Protein provides energy during emergencies (starvation, extreme dieting, diseases), and vital components like collagen, hemoglobin, myoglobin, hormones, insulin, and enzymes are made from amino acids from protein breakdown

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2
Q

What is the main difference between protein sources from animals versus plants?

A

Animal protein sources are of greater quality than plant sources

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3
Q

What are livestock?

A

Animals raised for food or other products, or kept for use, especially farm animals

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4
Q

What are the two main classifications of farm animals based on anatomical and physiological differences?

A

Monogastric (simple stomached animals) and ruminants (complex stomached animals)

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5
Q

What are the four compartments of a ruminant’s stomach?

A

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum

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6
Q

Why is the rumen compartment important?

A

It contains millions of beneficial microorganisms that help break down fiber components in forages and roughages

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7
Q

What is the abomasum also known as and why?

A

It’s known as the ‘true stomach’ as it functions like the simple stomach of non-ruminants

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8
Q

List examples of monogastric livestock

A

Poultry (chicken, turkey, duck, guinea fowl, goose, quail), pigs, and rabbits

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9
Q

List examples of ruminant livestock

A

Cattle (meat and dairy), sheep, and goat

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10
Q

Why is the rabbit considered a peculiar farm animal?

A

It can grow and develop solely from fibrous feed consumption, making it a monogastric herbivore or pseudoruminant

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11
Q

What makes rabbits able to digest large amounts of fiber?

A

They possess an enlarged caecum containing large populations of micro-organisms

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12
Q

What are the three commercial types of chicken breeds?

A

Egg type, broiler (table type), and dual purpose type

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13
Q

What are the key characteristics that breeders select for in poultry?

A

Egg production/size/shape/color/quality, body weight, growth rate, feed efficiency, liveability, disease resistance

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14
Q

What is a Class in chicken breeding?

A

Groups of poultry breeds developed in certain geographical regions of the world

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15
Q

What is a Breed in chicken breeding?

A

Established groups of chickens of common origin with similar characteristics of color, body shape, and form

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16
Q

What is a Variety in chicken breeding?

A

A sub-division of a breed largely determined by plumage color and comb differences

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17
Q

What is a Strain in chicken breeding?

A

Family name or breeder name that developed a particular variety, with genetic differences selected for specific purposes

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of white egg laying breeds?

A

White earlobes, white shelled eggs, small body size, large mostly single combs, non-broody, nervous disposition

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of brown egg laying breeds?

A

Red earlobes, eggs vary from light beige to dark brown, heavier than white egg layers, eat more feed per egg

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20
Q

What is the typical weight range for white egg laying breeds?

A

Females weigh about 2 kg, males about 2.7 kg by 20th week

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21
Q

What is the typical weight range for brown egg laying breeds?

A

Adult females weigh about 3 kg, males about 3.6 kg

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22
Q

What are examples of meat breeds?

A

White Rocks, Cornish, Barred Rocks, Dorking, Orpington

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23
Q

What is the typical weight and age for meat breeds at slaughter?

A

They weigh about 2-3 kg at 7-8 weeks

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24
Q

What are the key factors to consider when selecting a chicken breed?

A

Product type, production rate, mortality rate, body size/vigor, egg size/quality, feed conversion, environmental adaptability

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25
Q

What temperature should be maintained in the brooding area when chicks arrive?

A

About 35°C

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26
Q

When should chicks be vaccinated against Infectious Bursa Disease (Gumboro)?

A

On the 8th day, with a repeat on 21st day

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27
Q

When should chicks be vaccinated against Newcastle Disease?

A

On the 14th day, with a booster on 28th day

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28
Q

What is the recommended age for fowl pox vaccination in layers?

A

42nd day

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29
Q

When should laying boxes be placed in the house?

A

By the 19th week

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30
Q

What percentage of eggs should be expected at peak production?

A

85-95 eggs per day per 100 hens

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31
Q

What factors influence how long a flock of layers will produce economically?

A

Breed type, feed prices, management, seasonal considerations

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32
Q

What is the typical productive laying period for Leghorn breeds?

A

Up to 18 months under good management

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33
Q

What are the three categories of feed for layer breeds?

A

Pullet chick starter (day old to 8th week), Pullet growers’ diet (8th to 18th week), Layers’ diet (20th week to end of lay)

34
Q

What is the protein content range for broiler starter diet?

A

22-23% crude protein

35
Q

What is the energy level range for broiler finisher diet?

A

2800-3000 kcal/kg diet

36
Q

What are the two main classifications of pig breeds in Nigeria?

A

Indigenous and exotic breeds

37
Q

What are the characteristics of indigenous pig breeds?

A

Small size, shorter legs, large head, well-developed forequarters, light hindquarters, early sexual maturity

38
Q

List the common exotic pig breeds in Nigeria

A

Large White, Land Race, Duroc, Hampshire, Berkshire

39
Q

What are the characteristics of Large White pigs?

A

White colored, long bodied, smooth and strong framed, erect ears, highly prolific, good mothering ability

40
Q

What are the characteristics of Land Race pigs?

A

Long, all white, floppy ears, excellent litter size and mothering ability, fast growing, sturdy

41
Q

What are the characteristics of Hampshire pigs?

A

Black with white belt around forequarters, long straight face, erect ears, medium sized, prolific

42
Q

What are the three basic systems of pig production?

A

Extensive system, semi-intensive system, intensive system

43
Q

What should be done to prepare farrowing pens?

A

Clean and scrub with disinfectant, ensure they’re dry and free from draught, provide rails to prevent piglet crushing

44
Q

When should iron dextran be administered to piglets?

A

Day 1

45
Q

When should male piglets be castrated?

A

Within a week of farrowing if not designated as future breeders

46
Q

What is the recommended weaning age for piglets?

A

3-8 weeks depending on breeding management and feeding regime

47
Q

What characteristics should be considered when selecting breeding gilts?

A

At least 12 teats, from sows that wean 9-10 piglets/litter, good dams, fast growing, good feed conversion

48
Q

What characteristics should breeding boars have?

A

Come from fertile parents, sound feet, good hams, uniform back curve, good length, 12+ functional teats

49
Q

At what age should a boar start mating?

A

Over eight months of age

50
Q

How many matings per week should a new boar do in first two months?

A

Two times per week

51
Q

How many sows can one boar service?

A

Fifteen sows

52
Q

What is the recommended first mating age for gilts?

A

Eight months when weight is between 100-130 kg

53
Q

What is the reproductive life of a sow?

A

Four to eight years

54
Q

What are the different categories of pig feed?

A

Creep feed (18-20% protein), Weaners’ feed (16-18% protein), Growers/gilts’ feed (15-16% protein), Sows’ feed (13-15% protein), Boars’ feed (13-14% protein), Finishers’ feed (12-14% protein)

55
Q

What is the water requirement for lactating sows per kg of feed?

A

5.0 liters

56
Q

What is the water requirement for fattening pigs per kg of feed?

A

2.5 liters

57
Q

What is a barrow?

A

A male pig castrated before sexual maturity

58
Q

What is a gilt?

A

A female pig that has not yet produced a litter

59
Q

What is a shoat?

A

A young pig of either sex generally weighing less than 50 kg

60
Q

What is the weight range for a slaughter pig?

A

90-120 kg

61
Q

What is the primary reason for feed processing?

A

To achieve maximum potential nutritional value of feedstuff by changing ingredients to maximize their natural value

62
Q

List the main reasons for processing feed

A

Change moisture content, alter particle size, change density, improve palatability, increase nutrient availability, detoxify, remove harmful substances, reduce storage space

63
Q

What are the different dry processing methods for grains?

A

Grinding, dry rolling/cracking, popping, extruding, micronising, roasting, pelletizing, dehulling

64
Q

What are the advantages of pelletizing feeds?

A

Less dusty, more palatable, reduces storage space, facilitates handling

65
Q

What are the different wet processing methods for grains?

A

Soaking, steam rolling, steam flaking, pressure cooking, exploding, reconstitution, ensiling

66
Q

What are the physical methods for processing roughage?

A

Wet methods: green-chopping, soaking, steam processing; Dry methods: baling, grinding, pelletizing, cubing, drying, irradiation

67
Q

What are the chemical methods for treating roughage?

A

Alkali treatment, ammonia treatment, lime treatment, urea-generated ammonia treatment, urine treatment, urea addition to dry roughages, urea mixed with silage

68
Q

What is the purpose of alkali treatment of straw?

A

Reduces intermolecular hydrogen bonds binding cellulose fibers, increases nutritive value

69
Q

What are the benefits of ammonia treatment of straw?

A

Adds nitrogen for rumen microorganisms, improves degradability of fibrous constituents, increases crude protein content

70
Q

What is the advantage of urea-generated ammonia treatment over direct ammonia treatment?

A

It’s more practical at farmers’ level and avoids handling problems of direct ammonia

71
Q

What percentage of urea should be added when treating straw?

A

3-5% urea for about four weeks

72
Q

How should urea-molasses solution be prepared for treating straw?

A

10 kg molasses and 2 kg urea in 10 kg water per 100 kg of straw

73
Q

What are the main energy feeds for livestock?

A

Maize, wheat, rice, barley, sorghum, oats, cassava, sweet/Irish potato, fruit pulp

74
Q

What are the main protein feeds for livestock?

A

Oil seed meal, cotton seed cake, soybean meal, groundnut cake, blood meal, meat and bone meal, fishmeal, skim milk

75
Q

What are the important minerals needed in pig rations?

A

Calcium phosphorus and salt (Sodium Chloride)

76
Q

What is creep feeding and when should it start?

A

Providing high protein feed to piglets in an area inaccessible to sows starting from day 10

77
Q

What is the purpose of brooder guards?

A

Keeps chicks confined to brooder area, ensuring adequate consumption of feed and water

78
Q

What should be monitored when observing chick behavior?

A

Size uniformity, feather development rate, activity levels

79
Q

What is the recommended depth for fresh litter on the brooder house floor?

A

About 5 meters deep

80
Q

When should chicks be checked for signs of coccidiosis?

A

On the 4th day

GES 105 (10 decks)

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