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GES 105 > Chap 5- Crop Protection, Pesticides Application, and Pest Management Tips > Flashcards

Chap 5- Crop Protection, Pesticides Application, and Pest Management Tips Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pest?

A

A biological factor in nature that possesses and expresses noxious attributes that interfere with or affect man and/or his interests negatively, resulting in economic damage

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2
Q

What are the main categories of pests?

A

Plants (weeds), animals (invertebrates like insects/nematodes/mollusks, vertebrates like rodents/monkeys/birds), and pathogens (fungi/bacteria/viruses)

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3
Q

What is the primary purpose of pesticide application?

A

To bring down damaging pest populations to levels at which they cannot cause economic damage

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4
Q

What are the two main components of a pesticide?

A

Technical grade materials (active chemical substance) and carrier (inert material for preservation and safe handling)

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5
Q

What is chronic toxicity in pesticides?

A

The effect on humans of small lethal doses received over a long time, often resulting in cancer, brain, liver or kidney damage

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6
Q

What is acute toxicity in pesticides?

A

The immediate toxic effect from a single dose, often resulting in nausea, nervous symptoms and possible death

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7
Q

What is LD50?

A

The amount of toxicant required to kill half of a randomly selected population of test animals, measured in mg/kg body weight

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8
Q

What is pest resistance to insecticide?

A

The ability of pests to survive and adapt to pesticides after continuous or repeated usage, making the pesticide ineffective

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9
Q

What is pest resurgence?

A

A condition where pests develop and re-infest crops after treatment, usually due to ineffective application or wrong dosage

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10
Q

What are secondary pest outbreaks?

A

When previously harmless organisms become serious pests after their natural enemies are eliminated by pesticide use

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11
Q

What are the three main types of pesticide toxicity based on entry?

A

Oral toxicity (through mouth), dermal toxicity (through skin), and inhalation toxicity (through respiratory system)

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12
Q

What is a stomach poison pesticide?

A

A pesticide that must be swallowed by the target pest to be effective, usually applied on leaf surfaces or as baits

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13
Q

What is a contact insecticide?

A

A pesticide that is absorbed through the cuticle or spiracle of the target pest to be active and effective

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14
Q

What are systemic insecticides?

A

Pesticides applied to plants that are translocated to plant parts, poisoning pests that feed on those parts

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15
Q

What are fumigants?

A

Chemicals that are volatile at room temperature and give off poisonous vapor toxic to target pests

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16
Q

What are repellents?

A

Volatile chemicals whose vapor drives away insects by acting on their olfactory senses

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17
Q

What are the four volume classifications for spray application?

A

High volume (>600 l/ha), medium volume (200-600 l/ha), low volume (5-200 l/ha), and ultra low volume (<5 l/ha)

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18
Q

What should be done before applying pesticides?

A

Read the label carefully, follow directions exactly, check for sensitive areas nearby, wear protective gear, and inform others about application plans

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19
Q

What are the required protective measures during pesticide application?

A

Boot, overall coat, nose masks, eye goggles, and gloves

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20
Q

What are the three main sprayer types?

A

Knapsack sprayers (manual and motorized), simple hand sprayers, and ultra low volume sprayers (mist blowers)

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21
Q

What defines economic damage in pest control?

A

The amount of damage to a crop that justifies the cost of artificial control measures like pesticide application

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22
Q

What is the difference between major and minor pests?

A

Major pests occur frequently and cause more damage, while minor pests are less common or cause less significant damage

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23
Q

What are the key characteristics of an ideal pesticide?

A

Relatively persistent, toxic only to target pest, easy to handle, biodegradable, and cheap to produce

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24
Q

How should pesticide drift be minimized?

A

Spray when winds are less than 5-8 km/hr, avoid temperatures above 30C, use low pressure, correct nozzles, and drift control agents

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25
What first aid should be given for pesticide in eyes?
Hold eyelid open and wash quickly with clean running water for at least 15 minutes, avoid using eye drops or chemicals
26
What is chemigation?
The application of pesticides through irrigation systems, requiring specific registration and label instructions
27
What safety measures should be taken after pesticide application?
Remove protective wear carefully, clean equipment, change clothes, wash hands, post warning signs, and observe restricted entry intervals
28
How should pesticide poisoning on skin be treated?
Drench area with water, remove contaminated clothing, wash thoroughly with soap and water, discard or wash contaminated clothing separately
29
What are the signs of stem borer damage in maize?
Window pane effects and dead heart symptoms
30
What pesticides are recommended for controlling soil pests?
Nematicides and systemic insecticides like granular carbofuran (Furadan and Wormforce)
31
What distinguishes boom sprayers from mist sprayers?
Boom sprayers release large molecules of spray particles, while mist sprayers release tiny molecules
32
When should outdoor pesticide spraying be avoided?
On windy or rainy days to prevent drift and runoff
33
What are the advantages of natural pesticides over chemical ones?
They are biodegradable, leave no toxic residues, are affordable, safe, and easily adoptable
34
What should be done if pesticide is inhaled?
Move victim to fresh air immediately, loosen clothing, give artificial respiration if needed, and call for emergency help
35
Why shouldn't the same sprayer be used for herbicides and insecticides?
Herbicide residues left in the sprayer may kill plants meant to be protected
36
What is the proper procedure for cleaning plugged nozzles?
Wear gloves, use a soft brush or toothpick, never blow out with mouth
37
What precautions should be taken when spraying near schools?
Spray when human activity is unlikely, such as when children are not on the grounds
38
What should be done with food containers near treatment areas?
Cover or remove all animal food and water containers before treatment
39
What are the main pests during cowpea's pre-flowering stage?
Nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.), aphids (Aphis craccivora), leaf hoppers (Empoasca dochili), and foliage beetles (Ootheca Mutabilis)
40
What causes flower abortion in cowpea?
Flower thrips (Megalurothips sjostedti) and pod borers (Maruca vitrata)
41
What are the signs of pod sucking bug damage in cowpea?
Pod constriction, shrivelling of pods, and seed wrinkling
42
What pesticide is recommended for controlling cowpea flower thrips?
Monocrotophos (Nuvacron 40SCW), Cypermethrin (Cymbush), or Dimethoate (Rogor)
43
What are the main pests of cassava during vegetative stage?
Grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus), cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti), and green spider mite (Mononychellus tanajoa)
44
What symptoms indicate cassava mealybug infestation?
Bunchy top/candle stick appearance and chlorosis in younger leaves
45
How frequently should cowpea be sprayed with insecticides?
Periodic spraying 3-4 times during the growing season
46
What is the difference between solid and wet pesticide formulations?
Solid formulations include dusts and granules, while wet formulations include emulsifiable concentrates and soluble concentrates
47
What class of toxicity has an oral LD50 of 5-50 mg/kg for solids?
Highly toxic (Class B)
48
Why is pest control important in agriculture?
Without protection measures, pest challenges can upturn an expected bumper yield, making all other farming efforts futile
49
What should be checked when hiring a pest control company?
Valid pesticide applicator certificate and valid Pest Control Service License
50
What is the purpose of a carrier in pesticide formulation?
To ensure preservation of effectiveness and safe handling of the pesticide
51
How should pesticide-contaminated clothing be handled?
Discard it or wash it thoroughly separate from other laundry
52
What are examples of natural pesticide sources?
Neem plant (Azadirachta indica), Piper guineense, and pepper (Capsicum sp.)
53
When should vomiting be induced for swallowed pesticide?
ONLY if emergency personnel specifically instruct to do so, as it depends on the type of pesticide
54
What are the signs of cassava spider mite damage?
Chlorosis and reduced younger leaves
55
What type of insecticide is recommended for controlling stem borers in maize?
Systemic foliar insecticides or systemic granular insecticides like Carbofuran
56
Why shouldn't pesticide application rates be increased above recommendations?
It may leave high residues on the crop or harm the crop
57
Why shouldn't pesticide application rates be decreased below recommendations?
It may result in poor pest control or contribute to pesticide resistance
58
How should buffer zones be used in pesticide application?
Leave untreated areas around lakes, streams, ditches, and wells
59
What are attractants in pest control?
Chemical stimuli that cause pests to move toward the chemical source or another killing agent
60
What is the pre-harvest interval?
The required waiting period between pesticide application and crop harvest to prevent pesticide poisoning
61
What is the restricted entry interval?
The waiting period before entering treated areas after pesticide application
62
What should be done if pesticides contaminate non-target areas?
Leave buffer zones around sensitive areas and spray when wind is blowing away from these areas
63
What precautions should be taken when applying pesticides near water bodies?
Leave untreated buffer zones around lakes, streams, and wells to prevent contamination
64
Why is pesticide calibration important?
To ensure proper dosage and prevent under or over-application which could lead to resistance or crop damage
65
What are the signs of grasshopper damage in cassava?
Defoliation of leaves
66
What type of pesticide should be used for aphid control in cowpea?
Systemic pesticides like Monocrotophos or Dimethoate
67
How should pesticide containers be disposed of?
Follow label instructions for disposal, never reuse containers, and dispose of them properly according to local regulations
68
What environmental factors affect pesticide effectiveness?
Wind speed, temperature, humidity, and rainfall
69
What is the importance of pesticide formulation?
It determines the mode of application, effectiveness, and safety of handling
70
When is the best time to apply pesticides?
Early morning or late evening when winds are typically lower and temperatures are cooler
71
What are the signs of successful pest control?
Reduction in pest population to below economic damage threshold and improved crop health
72
How should pesticide mixing be done safely?
Use proper protective equipment, follow label instructions for mixing order and ratios, and mix in well-ventilated areas
73
What should be documented during pesticide application?
Date, time, location, product used, application rate, weather conditions, and any incidents or observations
74
Why are some pesticides restricted use?
Due to their high toxicity, environmental impact, or specific application requirements
75
What factors determine pesticide selection?
Target pest, crop type, stage of crop growth, environmental conditions, and safety considerations
76
What is integrated pest management?
A comprehensive approach combining different control methods, with pesticides as one component
77
How should pesticide resistance be managed?
Rotate between different classes of pesticides, use appropriate doses, and integrate other control methods

GES 105 (10 decks)

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