Chap 10- ANIMAL HEALTH MANAGEMENT: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE Flashcards
What is the definition of health according to Dorland Dictionary of Medical Science?
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being rather than mere absence of disease and infirmity
Why is animal health important from a disease transmission perspective?
Diseases of animals are transmissible to man (zoonotic diseases), including viral, bacterial, protozoan and parasitic diseases like rabies, cow pox, tuberculosis, brucellosis, trypanosomosis
Name three ways animals contribute to economic value.
- Source of income to owners 2. Foreign exchange for nations 3. Products like tusk, hide, skin, beef, milk, and poultry products
What role do companion animals play in human society?
They contribute to man’s social well-being, with dogs and cats being primary examples
Why are laboratory animals important in scientific research?
They are fundamental in scientific investigations and biomedical research, helping determine effects of synthetic foods and drugs before human trials
What are the main types of disease-causing factors in animals?
Infectious organisms, neoplasia (tumors), mechanical/thermal injuries, chemicals, metabolic diseases, digestive diseases, and congenital diseases
What are examples of infectious organisms that can cause animal diseases?
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and parasites (ecto, endo, and haemo-parasite)
How does nutrition affect animal health?
It maintains reproductive functions, boosts disease resistance, prevents deficiency syndromes, and maintains daily activities
What factors can hamper good dietary utilization in animals?
Conditions like diarrhea and obstructions, parasitic competition, and loss of appetite
How do religious taboos affect animal health in Nigeria?
In areas where religious beliefs prevent eating certain animals, disease outbreaks can be devastating as funds for interventions may be withheld
What are the main environmental factors that predispose animals to diseases?
Unhygienic animal houses, bushy environment, contaminated food and water, and faulty drinkers/feeders
What are normal signs of health in animal eyes?
Clear, bright and moist eyes
What are abnormal signs in animal mucous membranes?
They may be yellow, cyanotic, paper white, cherry or red in color (normal is pink)
What is the normal respiratory rate for horses?
8-12 breaths per minute in resting position
What is the normal body temperature range for dogs?
37.5-39°C
What are the signs of normal feces in healthy animals?
Well formed consistency, color depends on diet
How do disinfectants help in maintaining animal health?
They kill or prevent multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms through oxidizing agents, halogens, or reducing agents
What is the importance of regular grooming?
It ensures good aeration, blood circulation to skin, improves coat aesthetics, and eliminates debris and ectoparasites
What are neutrophils and their function?
They are inflammatory cells with short life spans that phagocytose harmful bacteria in tissue
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
Active immunity results from infection recovery or vaccines, while passive immunity comes from mother’s antibodies through placenta or colostrum
What are the three types of vaccines?
- Attenuated vaccines (altered organisms)
- Inactivated vaccines (killed organisms)
- Toxoids (non-toxic bacterial exotoxins)
What is the function of the skin in animal immunity?
It’s the first line of defense, containing anti-microbial factors through sebaceous gland secretions with fatty acids and low pH
How do cilia in the respiratory system contribute to immunity?
They inhibit bacteria movement and expose them to inactivation by mucous secreted by global cells
What is the role of body temperature in preventing disease?
Most animals maintain 37-39°C, which discourages growth of disease-causing organisms
What are the two types of lymphocytes and their functions?
T-lymphocytes (thymus derived) and B-lymphocytes (bone marrow derived) - B-type produces antibodies against invading organisms
What vaccine is used for cattle against anthrax?
Anthrax spore vaccine
What causes Bluetongue in sheep?
Orbivirus
What vaccine is used for Brucellosis in goats?
Brucella S19 vaccine
What are common viral diseases in horses?
Equine infectious anemia, encephalomyelitis, influenza, rhinopneumonitis, rabies, Western Nile infection
What vaccine is used for Newcastle disease in poultry?
HB, clone, lasota, komorov roakin, R2B
How can you recognize signs of ill health in animal posture?
Walking with staggering gaits, limping, carrying limbs with discomfort, being last among flock, sleepy while standing
What is the importance of colostrum for newborn animals?
It provides passive immunity to protect young ones within first few months until their own immune system develops
What are the functions of monocytes?
They migrate into tissue to phagocytose bacteria or become macrophages effective against viruses, bacteria, protozoa
How should animal houses be maintained for good health?
Through washing, disinfections, flaming of equipment, thorough cleaning of feeders and drinkers
What is the purpose of monitoring estrus cycles?
To enable timely provision of proven sire for mating and ensure appropriate care during pregnancy/delivery
What causes Rift Valley Fever?
Virus in Bunyanviridea family
What vaccine is used for tetanus in horses?
Tetanus toxoid
Name three common protozoan diseases in dogs.
Toxoplasmosis, Giardiasis, Hepatozoonosis
What causes Marek’s disease in poultry?
Lymphotropic herpesvirus
What are signs of abnormal urination in animals?
Urinating with obvious signs of discomfort, red or deep yellow urine with bloodstain
How do mechanical barriers protect against disease?
Through intact skin, flushing action of tears/saliva/urine, cilia movement, sneezing/cough reflex
What is the DHLPP vaccine used for in dogs?
Protects against distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, parvovirus, parainfluenza
What causes lumpy skin disease in cattle?
Poxvirus (Neethling)
What is the normal temperature range for pigs?
37.5-39.0°C
How does nutrition affect animal immunity?
Through balanced diet that boosts immune system and prevents deficiency syndromes
What causes fowl cholera?
Pasteurella multocida
What are signs of reproductive health problems?
Not cycling at all, inability to become pregnant after mating
What causes blackquarter in cattle?
Clostridium chauvoei
How do lymphocytes provide immunity?
By recognizing invading microorganisms and producing antibodies through B-cells
What causes strangles in horses?
Streptococcus equi
What are common bacterial diseases in poultry?
Pullorum disease, fowl typhoid, paratyphoid infection, coryza, fowl cholera
What is the importance of vaccination timing?
It ensures proper immune response and protection against specific diseases
How do parasites affect animal nutrition?
Through competition for nutrients, causing diarrhea, and reducing appetite
What causes botulism in cattle?
Clostridium botulinum type C and D
What is the significance of monitoring body temperature in animals?
It helps detect fever or hypothermia, indicating possible health issues
