Chap 32- Major Electrolytes/ Cations & Anions Flashcards
Sodium Na+ (Cation)
135 - 145 mEq/mL
Potassium K+ (Cation)
3.5 - 5.0 mEq/mL
Calcium Ca ++ (Cation)
4.3 - 5.3 mEq/mL
Magnesium Mg ++
1.5 - 1.9 mEq/L
Chloride Cl- (Anion)
95-108 mEq/L
Bicarbonate HCO3- (Anion)
22-26 mEq/L
Phosphate HPO4-, H2PO4 (Anion)
1.7-2.6 mEq/mL
electrolyte that controls/ regulates volume of body fluids
Sodium
electrolyte that regulates enzyme and water content; important for <3 & muscle contraction
Potassium
electrolyte that’s responsible for nerve impulse, blood clotting, muscle contraction, B12 absorption
Calcium
electrolyte responsible for metabolism of carbs and proteins
Magnesium
electrolyte that maintains osmotic pressure in blood, produces hydrochloric acid
Chloride
electrolyte that is body’s primary buffer system
Bicarbonate
electrolyte that chemical reactions involve cell division and hereditary traits
Phosphate
Major intracellular cation that is important for cardiac/muscle impulse transmission
Potassium
Potassium is intracellular ion is regulated by
dietary intake
Aldosterone
Renal excretion (eliminated by kidneys)
WHat causes hyperkalemia ?
S&S…?
Renal failure,
Acidosis
Massive Tissue Injury/ Burns
Rapid IV infusion
S&S of Hyperkalemia (>5.0 mEq/L)
Muscle Irritability
EKG Changes
evident by dysrhythmias
Treatment for hyperkalemia (>5.0 mEq/L)?
Low Sodium Diet
IV Insulin
Diuretics if moderately high
What causes Hypokalemia (<3.5 mEq/L) ?
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Diuretics
Alkalosis
Aldosterone
S&S of hypokalemia
Decreases in reflexes
Muscle weakness/paralysis
EKGS Changes
Treatment for Hypokalemia (<3.5 mE1/L)
High K+ Foods
K+ supplements, PO
IV
3 foods high in potassium
Bananas
Avocados
Spinach
What causes hypophospharemia? (<1.7 mEq/L)
Alcoholism
Renal Wasting
Uncontrolled DM
Nutritional deficiencies
S&S of hypophospharemia (<1.7/mEq/L)
Neuromuscular dysfunction
weakness
fatigue
ventricle dysrythmias
Confusion
Treatment for hypophospharemia
treat underlying condition
high phosphrous foods
oral replacement
Dark Sodas rich in phosphorous
Most abundant ECF electrolyte thats responsible for water balance and transmission of nerve impulses
Sodium
3 foods high in Sodium
Lunch Meat
Soup
Processed foods
Electrolyte regulated by parathyroid hormone important for bone/teeth, cardiac conduction, hormone secretion, clotting
Calcium
S&S Hypocalcemia (<4.3 mEq/L)
Trousseau’s Sign (muscle spasms in hands & wrists)
Chvosteks’s Sign (facial muscle spasms)
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Bone Cancer
Immobility
Excessive Antacid use
Increased in Vitamin D
S&S of Hypercalcemia
Impaired nerve & muscle conduction
Bone Pain
Kidney Stones
Memory Impairment
Treatment of Hypercalcemia
Saline/Diuretics to increase excretion
Steroids
Decreased calcium foods
What causes hypomagnesium?
Prolonged Malnutrition
Surgery
Alcohol Abuse
S&S hypomagnesium
tremors
cramps
convulsions
tachycardia
Treatment for hypomagenesium
IV admin of Mg SUlfate
Diet- Greens, Peanut Butter, Nuts & Bananas
What causes hypermagnesium?
Kidney failure
Excess laxatives/anatacids
S&S of hypermagnesium
lethargy
bradycardia
paralysis
coma when less than 2.5
Treatment of hypermagnesium
Dialysis
Calcium Glucanote
