Chap 3 The Human Movement System Flashcards
What are the 2 parts of the nervous system
central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
central nervous system (CNS)
includes the brain and spinal cord, and its primary function is to coordinate activity of all parts of the body
peripheral nervous system (PNS).
extension of the CNS (Central Nervous system) and includes nerve fibers that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to the body
What is the nervous system made up of
100 billion specialized nerve cells called neurons
What is the neuron
the functional unit of the nervous system.
Made of three main parts:
- the cell body
- axon
- dendrites.
Mechanoreceptors
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing change of position in body tissues.
What can Mechanoreceptors be stimulated by
- touch,
- pressure,
- stretch,
- motion,
And, They allow the brain to gauge body position.
What is Proprioreception
Sensory input TO Central Nervous System (CNS) FROM the mechanoreceptors in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Muscle spindles
Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle, and the rate of that change.
mechanoreceptors found in skeletal muscles that measure the amount* and *rate* of *stretch.
When the muscle is lengthened too much or too quickly, the muscle spindle sends messages to the CNS, resulting in muscular contraction as a protective response.
Golgi tendon organs (GTOs
Receptors sensitive to the change in tension of the muscle, and the rate of that change.
tension is too great or develops too fast, -GTO will cause muscles to relax as a safety response.
This happens after the muscle spindle causes the protective muscular contraction. This contraction creates the tension the GTO measures, and after 20 to 30 seconds of GTO stimulation, it will signal the brain to have the muscle relax.
20-30 sec stretches, muscles relax
What is the difference between Muscle Spindles and GTO Golgi Tendon Organs
Muscle spindles Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle, and the rate of that change
Myofibrils
Muslce cells are made up of muscle fibers, with smaller tubes held within called myofirbils.
Mysofribils are Tubular component of muscle cells containing sarcomeres and protein filaments
Sarcomeres
Individual contractile units made up of two types of filamnets:
actin (thin) and myosin (thick)
Type I Fibers
Are they slow or fast twitch?
Are they areobic or aneerobic?
More or less resistant to fatigue?
what about Size? force? growth?
- known as slow-twitch fibers because they are slower to reach maximal contraction.
- Aerobic-
Because they have a greater ability to OBTAIN and USE oxygen
DUE TO the large #s of
MORE Capillaries, mitochondria, & myoglobin
increased oxygen delivery
- smaller in size
- produce less force
- do not respond as well to muscle growth.
- *MORE resistant to fatigue (or slow to fatigue)**
- Long term contactions (stabalization)
twitch
What are examples of Type 1 fiber workouts
- Distance running,
- cross-country skiing,
- dance-oriented
Type II Fibers
Are they slow or fast twitch?
Are they areobic or aneerobic?
More or less resistant to fatigue?
what about Size? force? growth?
fast-twitch fibers.
fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
With fewer capillaries, there is _less oxygen deliver_y;
larger in size
type II muscle fibers are considered to be more anaerobic and more susceptible to muscle enlargement.
They produce more speed and strength, & force than type I fibers, but the burst of intensity is short-lived.
LESS resistant to fatigue (or quick to fatigue)
Short term contractions (force and power)
Exercises:
High-intensity interval training (HIIT), sprinting, and plyometric jumping are examples of activities that recruit and build type II muscle fibers
What are the 3 ways to categorize muscle movement
Agonist
Antagonist
Synergist
Anaerobic
Meaning “without oxygen,” the short-term energy production cycle that occurs with insufficient oxygen levels.
Agonist
Muscle that works as the prime mover of a joint exercise.
Movers that produce the most foce for a particular joint action
EXAMPLE:
gluteus maxiums at the hip during a squat
Pectoralis Major at the shoulder during a push up.
Synergists
Muscles that assist the prime mover in a joint action.
EXAMPLE
Piriformis, a small deep glut muscle, is a synergist at the hip during a squat
Mitochondria memory tip
nicknamed the “powerhouse of the cell.”
Mitochondria are organelles that contain genetic material and enzymes necessary for cell metabolism, converting food to energy.
Antagonist
Muscles that oppose the prime mover.
Exercise examples for:
AGONIST
SYNERGIST
ANTAGONIST
joint
e two or more bones join to create motion
Ligaments
Strong connective tissue that connects bone to bone.
tendons
e connective tissues attaching muscle to bone at the insertion point
What is the difference between joint, ligament, & tendon
joint-where 2 bones meet to create motion
Ligament- tissues connecting bone to bone
tendon-tissues connecting muscle to bone.
5 roles of the skeletal system
movement
support (framework)
protection
blood production
mineral storage
What are the 2 divisions of the skeletal system
Axial - Skull, rib cage, vertebral/Sprinal column - creates protective structure.
It has 4 segments (skull, hyoid bone, sternum/ribs, spinal column)
Appendicular-bones that support the upper an lower extremities.
How can joints be categorized?
By both their STRUCTURE and their FUNCTION
What are the 3 major joint motions?
Roll
Slide
Spin
What are the 3 main types of joints in the body
- synovial,
- non-synovial,
- cartilaginous.
What are SYNOVIAL joints
Joints held together by a fluid-based synovial capsule and ligaments;
the type of joint most associated with movement in the body
- 80% of all joints in the body
- have the greatest capaticty for motion
- Also, there are several types of SYNOVIAL joints.
What is the FUNCTION of joints
allow movement while providing stability.
allow for a functional movement to take place without unwanted movement.
All joints are linked together, movement of one joint directly affects the motion of others -the premise behind kinetic chain movement.3,5
Types of joints TABLE with characteristics & Examples
Why can it take up to 6 weeks recovery for connective tissues damaged?
Ligaments and tendons have a low blood supply
Reciprocal inhibition
Simultaneous contraction of one emuscl and the relaxation of its antagonist to allow movement to take place.
Length–tension Relationships
the length at which a muscle can create the tension or force.
there is a strong relationship between the length of a muscle and the tension muscle can produce:
▼ If a muscle is too short or too long, it will not be able to produce as much force. ▼ A muscle at ideal length can produce the most force.
What’s an interesting fact on force coupe relationships
When muscles are lengthened or shortened due to an individual’s deconditioned state,
force-couple relationships can be altered, changing the overall movement and potentially putting
too much stress on the synergists.
Altered reciprocal inhibition
Process by which an overactive muscle decreases neural drive to its functional antagonist IN the force coupe relationship
contributes to muscular imbalances and potential injury.
Posture
Alignment of all parts of the kinetic chain with the purpose of countering external forces and maintaining structural efficiency
let students know posture= the constant structure of their body and promotes the ability to move in the most efficient way possible
Neutral spine
The natural position of the spine when the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar curves are in good alignment.
Scoliosis
TWISTED. Abnormal lateral bending, twisting or rotating of the spine
kyphosis
A HUMP.
Abnormal rounding of the thoracic portion of the spine, usually accompanied by rounded shoulders.
Lordosis
SWAY BACK; increased or excessive concave curve lumbar curve.
Often also creates increased anterior tilt of the pelvis
what is an UNDERactive muscle
weak and not being recruited as it should.
