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ANCC > Chap. 3 - neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, behavior > Flashcards

Chap. 3 - neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, behavior Flashcards

1
Q

The primary function of the nervous system

A

To transfer and exchange information

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2
Q

The basic cellular unit of the nervous system

A

The neuron

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3
Q

What does a neuron do, primarily?

A

Conduct impulses

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4
Q

Three components of the neuron

A

Cell body/soma
Stem/axon
Dendrites

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5
Q

The soma contains…

A

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

The axon (or stem) does what?

A

Transmits signals away from the soma to connect with other neurons and cells

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7
Q

The function of dendrites

A

To collect incoming signals and to send the signal toward the soma

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8
Q

Two divisions of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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9
Q

Two components of the CNS

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

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10
Q

The PNS connects the CNS to _____, _____, and _____

A

Receptors, muscles, and glands

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11
Q

When the cranial nerves exit the brain stem, they are part of the _____ Nervous System

A

Peripheral

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12
Q

The PNS is composed of two systems:

A

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

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13
Q

The somatic nervous system conveys info to _____ _____ and is responsible for _____ _____

A

Skeletal muscles

Voluntary movement

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14
Q

The autonomic nervous system - 3 functions

A

Maintain homeostasis
Convey info from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Responsible for involuntary movement

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15
Q

Autonomic nervous system - two divisions

A

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

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16
Q

Sympathetic nervous system - excitatory or inhibitory? Increase or decrease organ activity?

A

Excitatory

Increase

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17
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system - excitatory or inhibitory? Increase or decrease organ activity?

A

Inhibitory

Decrease

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18
Q

Sympathetic nervous system is “_____ __ _____” and parasympathetic is “_____ __ _____”

A

Fight or flight

Rest and digest

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19
Q

White matter

A

The myelinated axons of neurons

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20
Q

Gray matter

A

Nerve cell bodies and dendrites

The “working area” of the brain containing the synapses

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21
Q

Why is the brain wrinkled?

A

To increase surface area, thus working area and cell communication

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22
Q

Sulci

A

Small shallow grooves on the brain’s surface

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23
Q

Fissures

A

Deeper grooves extending into the brain

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24
Q

Gyri

A

Raised tissue areas on the brain

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25
Two parts of the brain
Cerebrum | Brain stem
26
Which hemisphere of the cerebrum is dominant in most people?
The left (it controls right sided movement)
27
The two hemispheres are connected by the _____ _____, which is composed of _____ matter
Corpus callosum | White matter
28
The four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
Frontal Temporal Occipital Parietal
29
Frontal lobe functions include (6)
``` Motor function (voluntary) Premotor area (coordination of multiple muscles) Association cortex (memory and decision making) Executive function Expressive speech (Broca's area) Personality ```
30
Executive functioning includes...
``` Working memory Reasoning Planning Prioritizing Sequencing behavior Insight Judgment Intelligence Abstraction ```
31
Broca's area is located in the _____ lobe and is responsible for _____ speech
Frontal | Expressive
32
Wernicke's area is located on the _____ lobe and is responsible for _____ speech
Temporal | Receptive
33
Injury or problems to the frontal lobe can impact (3)
Personality changes Emotional changes Intellectual changes
34
Temporal lobe functions include (5)
Receptive speech/language comprehension (Wernicke's area) Primary auditory area Memory Emotion Integration of vision with other sensory info
35
Injury or problems in the temporal lobe can lead to (3)
Visual or auditory hallucinations Aphasia Amnesia
36
Occipital lobe functions include (2)
Primary visual cortex | Integrations of vision with other sensory info
37
Injury or problems in the occipital lobe can lead to (3)
Blindness Visual field defects Visual hallucinations
38
Parietal lobe functions include (3)
Primary sensory area Taste Reading and writing
39
Injury or problems in the parietal lobe can lead to (2)
Sensory-perceptual disturbances | Agnosia
40
The cerebral cortex primarily controls the _____ that make us "human," like _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____ _____.
Behaviors like speech, cognition, judgment, perception, and motor function.
41
The limbic system is responsible for _____ and _____.
Emotion and memory
42
Four components of the limbic system:
Hypothalamus Thalamus Hippocampus Amygdala
43
Hypothalamus - name some regulatory functions
``` Appetite, hunger, thirst Water balance Circadian rhythms Body temperature Libido Hormonal regulation ```
44
Thalamus regulates _____ and _____
Emotion and memory
45
Thalamus relays all senses except _____
Smell
46
Hippocampus converts _____-_____ _____ into _____-_____ _____
short-term memory into long-term memory
47
Amygdala mediates (4)
Mood Fear Emotion Aggression
48
Amygdala involved with this one sense
Smell
49
Basal ganglia also known as _____ _____
Corpus striatum
50
Basal ganglia most closely associated with
Somatic motor activity
51
The extrapyramidal motor nerve track is located in the
Basal ganglia
52
Problems or injury in the basal ganglia can lead to (3)
Bradykinesias Hyperkinesias Dystonia
53
Brainstem - 5 areas
``` Midbrain Pons Cerebellum Medulla Reticular formation system ```
54
Midbrain - 2 areas
Ventral segmental area | Substantia nigra
55
Dopamine synthesis occurs in the _____ _____
Substantia nigra
56
The pons contains the _____ _____, which synthesizes which neurotransmitter?
Locus ceruleus | Norepinephrine
57
Medulla works with the pons to control...
Autonomic function | Internal body functions
58
Cerebellum controls (3)
Equilibrium Balance Posture
59
Cerebellar hemispheres have ipsalateral control, meaning they control the ____ side of the body. The cerebral hemispheres have contralateral control, meaning they control the ____ side of the body.
ipsalateral - same side | contralateral - opposite side
60
Test for cerebellar functioning
Romberg
61
A positive Romberg test will demonstrate which: balance, or a lack of balance? indicating cerebellar function or dysfunction?
Lack of balance | Dysfunction
62
Problem or injury to the cerebellum leads to _____
Ataxia
63
The reticular formation is known as the "_____" brain
Primitive
64
The reticular formation controls
``` Involuntary movement Reflex Muscle tone Vitals BP RR ```
65
The reticular formation innervates (3)
Thalamus Hypothalamus Cortex
66
Two types of cells in the nervous system
Glia | Neurons
67
Glial function
Form the myelin sheath around axons | Provide protection and support
68
Neuron function
Conduct impulses
69
Dendrites conduct impulses _____ the cell body, and axons conduct impulses _____ _____ the cell body
Toward | Away from
70
Two phases of an action potential
Depolarization | Repolarization
71
Depolarization is the _____ phase of the action potential; it is an _____ response
Initial | Excitatory
72
Repolarization is the _____ phase of the action potential; it is an _____ response
Restoration | Inhibitory
73
In depolarization, which ions go which direction?
Sodium and calcium enter the cell
74
In repolarization, which ions go which direction?
Potassium leaves the cell and chloride enters the cell
75
Four categories of neurotransmitters
Monoamines Amino acids Cholinergics Neuropeptides
76
Monoamine neurotransmitters (4)
Dopamine Norepinephrine Epinephrine Serotonin
77
Dopamine is produced in the...
Substantia nigra of the midbrain
78
Norepinephrine is produced in the...
Locus ceruleus of the pons
79
Epinephrine is produced by the...
Adrenal glands
80
Serotonin is produced in the...
Raphe nuclei of the brainstem
81
Amino acid NTs (4)
GABA Glutamate Glycine Aspartate
82
Cholinergic NT
Acetylcholine
83
Neuropeptides - 2 types
Nonopioid type | Opioid type
84
Nonopioid type neuropeptides (2)
Substance P | Somatostatin
85
Opioid type neuropeptides (3)
Endorphins Enkephalins Dynorphins
86
Acetylcholine deficiency = (2)
Alzheimer's | Memory deficits
87
Dopamine deficiency =
Parkinson's
88
Dopamine excess =
SZO
89
Norepi deficiency =
Depression
90
Serotonin deficiency = (3)
Depression OCD SZO
91
GABA deficiency =
Anxiety
92
Glutamate excess =
Bipolar | Psychosis
93
Opioid neuropeptide deficiency =
Substance abuse
94
Structural imaging tests (2)
CT scan | MRI
95
Functional imaging tests (4)
EEG SPECT PET MEG (magnetoencephalography)
96
Structural/functional combined tests
fMRI 3fEMRI (3-dimensional event-related functional MRI) Fluorine magnetic spectroscopy Dopamine D2 receptor binding

ANCC (48 decks)

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