Chap. 3 - neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, behavior Flashcards
The primary function of the nervous system
To transfer and exchange information
The basic cellular unit of the nervous system
The neuron
What does a neuron do, primarily?
Conduct impulses
Three components of the neuron
Cell body/soma
Stem/axon
Dendrites
The soma contains…
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
The axon (or stem) does what?
Transmits signals away from the soma to connect with other neurons and cells
The function of dendrites
To collect incoming signals and to send the signal toward the soma
Two divisions of the nervous system
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Two components of the CNS
Brain
Spinal Cord
The PNS connects the CNS to _____, _____, and _____
Receptors, muscles, and glands
When the cranial nerves exit the brain stem, they are part of the _____ Nervous System
Peripheral
The PNS is composed of two systems:
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
The somatic nervous system conveys info to _____ _____ and is responsible for _____ _____
Skeletal muscles
Voluntary movement
The autonomic nervous system - 3 functions
Maintain homeostasis
Convey info from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Responsible for involuntary movement
Autonomic nervous system - two divisions
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system - excitatory or inhibitory? Increase or decrease organ activity?
Excitatory
Increase
Parasympathetic nervous system - excitatory or inhibitory? Increase or decrease organ activity?
Inhibitory
Decrease
Sympathetic nervous system is “_____ __ _____” and parasympathetic is “_____ __ _____”
Fight or flight
Rest and digest
White matter
The myelinated axons of neurons
Gray matter
Nerve cell bodies and dendrites
The “working area” of the brain containing the synapses
Why is the brain wrinkled?
To increase surface area, thus working area and cell communication
Sulci
Small shallow grooves on the brain’s surface
Fissures
Deeper grooves extending into the brain
Gyri
Raised tissue areas on the brain
Two parts of the brain
Cerebrum
Brain stem
Which hemisphere of the cerebrum is dominant in most people?
The left (it controls right sided movement)
The two hemispheres are connected by the _____ _____, which is composed of _____ matter
Corpus callosum
White matter
The four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
Frontal
Temporal
Occipital
Parietal
Frontal lobe functions include (6)
Motor function (voluntary) Premotor area (coordination of multiple muscles) Association cortex (memory and decision making) Executive function Expressive speech (Broca's area) Personality
Executive functioning includes…
Working memory Reasoning Planning Prioritizing Sequencing behavior Insight Judgment Intelligence Abstraction
Broca’s area is located in the _____ lobe and is responsible for _____ speech
Frontal
Expressive
Wernicke’s area is located on the _____ lobe and is responsible for _____ speech
Temporal
Receptive
Injury or problems to the frontal lobe can impact (3)
Personality changes
Emotional changes
Intellectual changes
Temporal lobe functions include (5)
Receptive speech/language comprehension (Wernicke’s area)
Primary auditory area
Memory
Emotion
Integration of vision with other sensory info
Injury or problems in the temporal lobe can lead to (3)
Visual or auditory hallucinations
Aphasia
Amnesia
Occipital lobe functions include (2)
Primary visual cortex
Integrations of vision with other sensory info
Injury or problems in the occipital lobe can lead to (3)
Blindness
Visual field defects
Visual hallucinations
Parietal lobe functions include (3)
Primary sensory area
Taste
Reading and writing
Injury or problems in the parietal lobe can lead to (2)
Sensory-perceptual disturbances
Agnosia
The cerebral cortex primarily controls the _____ that make us “human,” like _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____ _____.
Behaviors like speech, cognition, judgment, perception, and motor function.
The limbic system is responsible for _____ and _____.
Emotion and memory
Four components of the limbic system:
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus - name some regulatory functions
Appetite, hunger, thirst Water balance Circadian rhythms Body temperature Libido Hormonal regulation
Thalamus regulates _____ and _____
Emotion and memory
Thalamus relays all senses except _____
Smell
Hippocampus converts _____-_____ _____ into _____-_____ _____
short-term memory into long-term memory
Amygdala mediates (4)
Mood
Fear
Emotion
Aggression
Amygdala involved with this one sense
Smell
Basal ganglia also known as _____ _____
Corpus striatum
Basal ganglia most closely associated with
Somatic motor activity
The extrapyramidal motor nerve track is located in the
Basal ganglia
Problems or injury in the basal ganglia can lead to (3)
Bradykinesias
Hyperkinesias
Dystonia
Brainstem - 5 areas
Midbrain Pons Cerebellum Medulla Reticular formation system
Midbrain - 2 areas
Ventral segmental area
Substantia nigra
Dopamine synthesis occurs in the _____ _____
Substantia nigra
The pons contains the _____ _____, which synthesizes which neurotransmitter?
Locus ceruleus
Norepinephrine
Medulla works with the pons to control…
Autonomic function
Internal body functions
Cerebellum controls (3)
Equilibrium
Balance
Posture
Cerebellar hemispheres have ipsalateral control, meaning they control the ____ side of the body. The cerebral hemispheres have contralateral control, meaning they control the ____ side of the body.
ipsalateral - same side
contralateral - opposite side
Test for cerebellar functioning
Romberg
A positive Romberg test will demonstrate which: balance, or a lack of balance? indicating cerebellar function or dysfunction?
Lack of balance
Dysfunction
Problem or injury to the cerebellum leads to _____
Ataxia
The reticular formation is known as the “_____” brain
Primitive
The reticular formation controls
Involuntary movement Reflex Muscle tone Vitals BP RR
The reticular formation innervates (3)
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cortex
Two types of cells in the nervous system
Glia
Neurons
Glial function
Form the myelin sheath around axons
Provide protection and support
Neuron function
Conduct impulses
Dendrites conduct impulses _____ the cell body, and axons conduct impulses _____ _____ the cell body
Toward
Away from
Two phases of an action potential
Depolarization
Repolarization
Depolarization is the _____ phase of the action potential; it is an _____ response
Initial
Excitatory
Repolarization is the _____ phase of the action potential; it is an _____ response
Restoration
Inhibitory
In depolarization, which ions go which direction?
Sodium and calcium enter the cell
In repolarization, which ions go which direction?
Potassium leaves the cell and chloride enters the cell
Four categories of neurotransmitters
Monoamines
Amino acids
Cholinergics
Neuropeptides
Monoamine neurotransmitters (4)
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Serotonin
Dopamine is produced in the…
Substantia nigra of the midbrain
Norepinephrine is produced in the…
Locus ceruleus of the pons
Epinephrine is produced by the…
Adrenal glands
Serotonin is produced in the…
Raphe nuclei of the brainstem
Amino acid NTs (4)
GABA
Glutamate
Glycine
Aspartate
Cholinergic NT
Acetylcholine
Neuropeptides - 2 types
Nonopioid type
Opioid type
Nonopioid type neuropeptides (2)
Substance P
Somatostatin
Opioid type neuropeptides (3)
Endorphins
Enkephalins
Dynorphins
Acetylcholine deficiency = (2)
Alzheimer’s
Memory deficits
Dopamine deficiency =
Parkinson’s
Dopamine excess =
SZO
Norepi deficiency =
Depression
Serotonin deficiency = (3)
Depression
OCD
SZO
GABA deficiency =
Anxiety
Glutamate excess =
Bipolar
Psychosis
Opioid neuropeptide deficiency =
Substance abuse
Structural imaging tests (2)
CT scan
MRI
Functional imaging tests (4)
EEG
SPECT
PET
MEG (magnetoencephalography)
Structural/functional combined tests
fMRI
3fEMRI (3-dimensional event-related functional MRI)
Fluorine magnetic spectroscopy
Dopamine D2 receptor binding
