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geography > changing economic world (UK) > Flashcards

changing economic world (UK) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is globalisation?

A

the process which has created a more connected world, with increases in trade and migration and tourism worldwide.

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2
Q

what is deindustrialisation?

A

the decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and competition for NEE’s.

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3
Q

what is government policy?

A

a plan or course of action decided by a government to manage issues in a country.

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4
Q

what is the Commonwealth?

A

an association of 53 independent, equal states which were mostly territories of the former British Empire. They are united by language,history,culture and their shared values of democracy, human rights and the rule of law.

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5
Q

what is the European Union?

A

an international organisation of 28 European countries, including the UK, formed to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

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6
Q

what is the industry sector?

A

the relative proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy (primary,secondary,tertiary and quaternary)

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7
Q

what is the North South divide?

A

economic and cultural differences between Southern England and Northern England. There are clear differences in health conditions, house prices, earnings and political influence.

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8
Q

what are tertiary industries?

A

the economic activities that provide various services-commerical, professional, social, entertainment and personal

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9
Q

what is trade?

A

the buying and selling of goods and services between countries

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10
Q

what is tertiary?

A

involves the selling of services and skills

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11
Q

what is quaternary?

A

consists of those industries providing information services such as computing, ICT and Research and Development

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12
Q

what is secondary?

A

those that take the raw materials produced by the primary sector and process them into manufactured goods and products.

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13
Q

what is primary?

A

involves extracting raw materials from the natural environment e.g. mining and farming.

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14
Q

what is an advantage of using a triangular graph?

A

very useful if there are 3 components to compare
after plotting, clusters emerge enabling identification of trends

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15
Q

what is a disadvantage of this data presentation?

A

data must be %
useful only for 3 data sets

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16
Q

what has caused the decline in primary jobs and the increase in tertiary and quaternary jobs?

A

other countries manufacture things cheaper
poverty
lack of jobs
better education-better healthcare
Industrial Revolution

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17
Q

what are the main causes of deindustrialisation? (cost)

A

increasing cost of production (wages and environmental regulations)

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18
Q

what are the main causes of deindustrialisation? (globalisation)

A

globalisation- competition from low wage/ regulation NEE countries

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19
Q

what are the main causes of deindustrialisation? (investment)

A

declining investment leading to less competitiveness

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20
Q

what are the main causes of deindustrialisation? (government policies)

A

changing government policies (nationalisation to privatisation)

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21
Q

what are the main causes of deindustrialisation? (cycle of decline)

A

cycle of decline- e.g. if the shipyards close then the iron plants follow

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22
Q

what are the main causes of deindustrialisation? (increased competitiveness)

A

increased competitiveness of tertiary industries thanks to education and technology

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23
Q

how many coal mines were lost in the UK due to the deindustrialisation?

A

30,000

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24
Q

what happened in the 1980’s?

A

government policy shifted away from industries like coal mining and steel by privatising them

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25
Q

what has happened to Tata steel in Port Talbort (Wales)?

A

it has decreased from 18,000 down to 3,300 jobs due to cheap Chinese steel imports

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26
Q

what happened to towns that totally relied on the coal industry?

A

thousands were left unemployed- businesses struggled as people were on such low incomes- de-multiplier effect- the area goes into decline

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27
Q

what industries was the North East of England known for before deindustrialisation?

A

iron and steel
ship building
chemicals

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28
Q

which parts of the UK have been most affected by deindustrialisation?

A

Blyth, Newcastle, Sunderland as they had shipyards

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29
Q

why might these areas have been affected by deindustrialisation?

A

because of the River Tyne in Newcastle and Sunderland allows ships to arrive

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30
Q

what is positive about economic growth in the UK?

A

UK economy grows mainly due to more trade with the rest of the world

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31
Q

what is negative about outsourcing jobs in the UK?

A

jobs that used to be done in the UK can now be done elsewhere- this means loss of jobs or lower wages for those still working in the UK

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32
Q

what are some examples of deindustrialisation being a cause of the UK’s economic change?

A

mechanisation- businesses and farms replaced workers for machines- machines are more reliable and cheaper
the average annual wage of a farmer in the UK is £900 or less- unlikely occupation for a highly educated skilled workforce

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33
Q

what are some examples of globalisation being a cause of the UK’s economic change?

A

NEE’s like China opened their countries to global businesses in the 1980’s and many UK firms chose to move there
much cheaper crops can be imported from countries overseas where mass production brings costs down and labour and land are both cheaper than in the UK

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34
Q

what are some examples of government policy being a cause of the UK’s economic change?

A

in the 1970-1980’s, UK government sold/turned many of its secondary and primary industries to companies in a process called privatisation- cost many jobs in steel making and coal in particular
the UK and EU have very strict laws for environmental pollution for businesses- this makes it expensive to make products here

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35
Q

what is a post industrial economy?

A

the economy of many economically developed countries where most employment is now in service industries

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36
Q

what is the UK’s economy now mostly based on>

A

products based on knowledge and research and service industries

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37
Q

what are 5 examples of industries in the post- industrial economy sector?

A

information technology
service industries
finance
research
science and business parks

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38
Q

what is information technology?

A

these businesses use computers and other hardware to store,process and use data, often to help businesses and governments

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39
Q

what are service industries?

A

businesses that do work for a customer and sometimes produce goods, but is not involved in manufacturing

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40
Q

what is finance?

A

the financial services industry is a major part of the UK and especially London economy. they provide services to do with money, such as accountancy, money transfer, trading and credit

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41
Q

what is research?

A

these industries involve research and development, where ideas are transformed into workable products

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42
Q

what are science and business parks?

A

Business Parks are purpose built areas of offices and workhouses, often at the edge of a city and on a main road. Science parks are often located near university sites and high- tech industries are established. Scientific research and commercial development may be carried out in cooperation with the university.

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43
Q

what are the common characteristics of these 5 industries? (footloose)?

A

they are not tied to heavy raw materials so can locate wherever they have a cost advantage

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44
Q

what are the common characteristics of these 5 industries? (close to transport routes)?

A

locate close to transport routes such as motorways and railway stations to offer maximum access for customers and employers

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45
Q

what are the common characteristics of these 5 industries? (human resources)?

A

dependent upon human resources- they need people’s ideas and skills to make them work and innovate new products and ideas
they therefore require a highly educated workforce

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46
Q

what are the common characteristics of these 5 industries? (sustainability)?

A

they are often more sustainable than heavy industries with lower energy needs, low or zero pollution emissions, landscaping to offer a nice environment and carbon neutral buildings

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47
Q

what are the common characteristics of these 5 industries? (grouping together)?

A

they often group together so that ideas can be exchanged- known as agglomeration

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48
Q

which city is bidding to become a science city?

A

Newcastle Upon Tyne- has a focus upon the science of ageing, sustainable energy and transport

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49
Q

what are growth corridors?

A

an area of the country where the economy is growing, often along a major transport route linking 2 or more cities

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50
Q

what characteristics must an area have to be considered a growth corridor?

A

a number of quaternary industries with potential for growth
a highly skilled workforce, educated to degree level or above

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51
Q

where does the M4 corridor go along?

A

from London to Bristol

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52
Q

what are some examples of companies that are based in modern, out-of-town business and science parks?

A

Microsoft, Sony and Vodaphone

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53
Q

how much of the UK’s economic output does the M4 corridor contribute to?

A

8%

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54
Q

what is the M4 corridor home to?

A

hi-tech industries but recently some of these companies have moved to London

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55
Q

when did Vodaphone move its global headquarters to London?

A

in 2009

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56
Q

what are the factors drawing companies to London?

A

the attraction of urban living for a young workforce
the proximity of similar companies to swap ideas and workers
new businesses require less space than the first generation of hi-tech industry

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57
Q

where is the location of Cambridge?

A

around 50 miles North East of London and East of Birmingham
South East of England

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58
Q

what are the key characteristics of Cambridge Science Park?

A

UK’s major hub for hi-tech industries
1,500 bio-technology companies
7250 graduates
open greenspace- outside of Cambridge with plenty of parking
80km North of London along the M1
40km from Stanstead Airport

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59
Q

what are the benefits of the science park to Cambridge?

A

excellent health facilities for local people including the Adenbrooke Hospital
Cambridge has a reputation as world leader in medical research- brings investment
indirect jobs created- including transport and services on the site of the science park e.g. security, cafe workers etc

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60
Q

what is changing at the science park?

A

there is huge focus on Biomedical Sciences (£46 million investment in new Biomedical centre next to the science park)
the park is home to 34 biomedical companies working on a wide range of products and technologies spanning disease prediction and prevention to diagnostics, treatment and patient monitering

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61
Q

what are the disadvantages for Cambridge due to the Science Park?

A

house prices are rising due to rising demand in the area
Cambridge is increasingly congested with traffic and pedestrians
rail and road links can’t cope with the demand fast enough

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62
Q

what are examples of companies working in the park?

A

Abcam- “antibiotics Cambridge”- working on research into cancer,metabolism and providing antibodies
sells 100,000 antibody products to over 140 countries

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63
Q

why have these companies clustered together in the science park?

A

hi-tech companies tend to start in places where they have ample highly skilled workers e.g. Cambridge
a place where they can offer employees a high quality of life- space for campus style offices
share expensive equipment

64
Q

what do primary industries produce?

A

the raw materials for industry

65
Q

what are examples of raw materials primary industries produce?

A

mining, quarrying, farming, fishing and forestry- they produce raw materials that can be processed into a finished product

66
Q

why is limestone such an important quarried rock in the UK?

A

used for making concrete- construction industry

67
Q

what do secondary industries involve?

A

manufacturing and assembly industries- they take raw materials and manufacture finished products from them

68
Q

what is an example of products made in secondary industries?

A

steel manufacture, bread making and food processing

69
Q

what are some very severe (long term, global, serious, irreversible) impacts of primary and secondary industries?

A

industrial processes often release chemicals into air (sulphur and nitrogen oxides) which can cause health issues
often release chemicals into local water systems which can harm ecosystems
consume a lot of energy (fuel and electricity)- global climate change

70
Q

what are some somewhat severe (medium term, national, potentially reversible with investment) environmental impacts of primary and secondary industries?

A

transporting raw materials and goods produces air pollution (CO2/NO2) and noise pollution
waste often goes to landfill which releases toxins into the soil

71
Q

what are some less severe (short term, local, not serious) environmental impacts of primary and secondary industries?

A

factories, mines and quarries often create a physical scar on the landscape reducing its aesthetic appeal and destroying habitats

72
Q

what are positives of Torr Quarry in Somerset?

A

£15 million a year going into the local economy- multiplier effect
100 jobs for local people- in a rural area
environment agency says the air pollution is not bad at all

73
Q

what are some negatives of the Torr Quarry industry in Somerset?

A

declining production (8 to 5 million tonnes)- loss of jobs
noise vibrations, airborne particles

74
Q

what are some sustainable practises at Torr Quarry? (natural habitats)?

A

60 acres of the site have been landscaped to blend in with the surrounding environment, including planting grass and trees and creation of wildlife lakes for recreation

75
Q

how is the 60 acres of land at Torr Quarry sustainable?

A

natural habitats that were lost to extraction will now be restored to encourage the biodiversity of the area and make the landscape more attractive to local people

76
Q

what are some sustainable practises at Torr Quarry? (limestone)?

A

limestone is transported by rail, rather than by road, via the Mendip Rail network

77
Q

how is the transportation of limestone at Torr Quarry sustainable?

A

rail transportation ensures that excess road traffic and congestion on smaller, rural roads will be kept to a minimum and become less of a problem for locals.
rail transport is more sustainable as it releases less CO2 emissions than lorry transport, it also creates jobs and boosts investment in local rail infrastructure

78
Q

what are some sustainable practises at Torr Quarry? (strict environmental targets)?

A

strict environmental targets have been introduced. regular monitoring of noise,vibration,dust emissions and water quality is carried out

79
Q

how are the strict environmental targets at Torr Quarry sustainable?

A

monitoring allows prevention of pollution into the surrounding landscape and ensures that quarrying companies are held accountable if they do not abide by strict environmental standards
it also reduces the chances of pollution affecting the local population

80
Q

what are some sustainable practises at Torr Quarry? (deepening)?

A

2010- a planning decision was made to deepen, rather than widen the quarry, for extraction

81
Q

how is the deepening of the quarry at Torr Quarry sustainable?

A

extraction can take place without spoiling the landscape further, as they would be digging downwards, rather than outwards.
this protects the surrounding greenfield sites and habitats in the vicinity of the existing quarry

82
Q

what are possible rural challenges?

A

lack of jobs
seasonal jobs-tourism
declining/ageing population
lack of children-schools shut down
healthcare may be bad
young people are migrating out
second home ownership- house prices are more expensive for local people to buy

83
Q

what are possible rural opportunities?

A

jobs in Cambridge
transport links
lovely surroundings (better QOL)
increasing opportunities in growth areas for sport and education
land available for housing

84
Q

which rural area is seeing population growth and why?

A

Cambridge because of the location- it is close to London- good transport services in London
job opportunities- e.g. Cambridge science park

85
Q

which rural area is seeing population decline and why?

A

the Outer Hebrides- lack of jobs- ageing population- the young people are migrating away from the rural area to get a better QOL

86
Q

what happened in 2013 with registrations for National Insurance numbers in South Cambridgeshire?

A

2013, registrations for National Insurance numbers from migrant numbers soared by 25% compared to 2012

87
Q

what is the population of South Cambridgeshire estimated to reach by 2031?

A

182000 by 2031- 163,000 in 2024

88
Q

how much of South Cambridgeshire’s population own a car?

A

80%- leading to increased traffic on narrow country roads and reducing demand for public transport

89
Q

what is a negative social effect of population growth in South Cambridgeshire on young people?

A

young people cannot afford the high cost of houses and they move away

90
Q

what are the economic effects of a growing population in South Cambridgeshire?

A

reduction in agricultural employment as farmers sell their land for housing development, although this may increase jobs in construction

91
Q

what are the economic effects of a growing population in South Cambridgeshire? (petrol)?

A

the area has some of the highest petrol prices in the country due to the high demand

92
Q

what are the economic effects of a growing population in South Cambridgeshire? (migrants)

A

the increasing number of migrants from relatively poor parts of Europe can put pressure on services and increase overall costs

93
Q

what is the Outer Hebrides population?

A

27400 people

94
Q

where do most people in the Outer Hebrides live?

A

the island of Lewis- one of the 65 islands

95
Q

has there been a population increase or decrease in the Outer Hebrides?

A

decline of more than 50% since 1901 when 46,000 people lived on the islands

96
Q

what are the social impacts of the population decline in the Outer Hebrides?

A

the number of school children is expected to fall over the next few years- may result in school closures
with many younger people moving away, there will be fewer people of working age living in the Outer Hebrides
an increasingly aging population with fewer young people to support them may lead to care issues in the future

97
Q

what are the economic impacts of a declining population on farming?

A

the main farming economy is breeding sheep on small farms called crofts- most crofts can only provide work for up to 2 days per week

98
Q

what are the economic impacts on fishing due to a declining population?

A

in 1948 there were more than 900 fishing boats registered in the Outer Hebrides- by 2013 there were only a few boats catching fish and lobsters
shellfish production has increased, but foreign-owned ships dominate deep-sea fishing
the development of fish farming has been limited due to concerns about the environment

99
Q

what economic impacts has a declining population had on the tourism industry?

A

between 2007 and 2014 there was a 27% increase in visitors to the islands
the current infrastructure is unable to support the scale of tourism needed to provide an alternative source of income

100
Q

what type of rural areas in the UK experience population growth?

A

rural areas in the UK that are close to major centres of population such as towns and cities
these rural areas are known as accessible rural as they are well connected to cities via roads and other transport links

101
Q

what do accessible rural areas allow for?

A

counter- urbanisation- people move to rural areas to improve their QOL but commute to cities for their job or home work

102
Q

what did the government announce in 2014?

A

a £15 billion road investment scheme- 100 new road schemes
1300 new lane miles added to motorways and major roads
extra lanes on motorways
develop smart motorways to keep the traffic moving- keeps flow of transport- people can get to work and transport goods

103
Q

what is the development of the A303?

A

people from Surrey, Sussex etc can get to the West- has been 1 lane at points
1 hour traffic jams at Stonehenge
building a tunnel (2 miles), lots more dual carrigeway
fly overs
by-passes (allows villages to be better)

104
Q

why are investment in railways so important?

A

investment in railways is vital to improve links between UK regions as well as the rest of Europe

105
Q

what rail improvement is happening by 2020?

A

electrification of Trans-Pennine expressway

106
Q

what rail improvement is happening by 2023?

A

electrification of Midland mainline between London and Sheffield

107
Q

what is HS2?

A

connecting London-Sheffield-Leeds-Manchester and then on to Scotland- worth £50 billion between 2017 and 2023

108
Q

what is good about HS2?

A

cuts travel lines and increases rail capacity
reduces environmental challenges-less cars on the road
economy increases peoples SOL

109
Q

what is the Crossrail Project?

A

biggest civil construction project in Europe today
building the Elizabeth line to the link Reading and Heathrow in the west with Shenfield and Abbey Wood in the East, via new 21km tunnels under central London
will increase London’s rail capacity, cut passenger journey times across the city, encourage regeneration and generate significant employment opportunities

110
Q

how many passengers pass through UK ports annually?

A

32 milllion

111
Q

how many employees do UK ports have?

A

120000

112
Q

what is the UK port industry like in Europe?

A

the largest in Europe- due to the long coastline and trading history

113
Q

what is the UK’s main port for freight?

A

Dover

114
Q

what is the largest container port?

A

Felixstowe

115
Q

what is Liverpool 2?

A

a new container terminal for £300 million
will double the ports capacity and create lots of jobs, boost the North-West’s economy and reduce road freight

116
Q

what is the London Gateway?

A

on the Thames
capable of handling the largest container ship in the world
Best Trade- provide jobs
multiplier effect

117
Q

airports employ…

A

over 300,000 people

118
Q

how much freight passes through the UK’s airports each year?

A

over 2 million tonnes of freight

119
Q

how many international flights depart from the UK?

A

more than 750,000 international flights depart from the UK annually to 400 airports in 114 countries around the world

120
Q

what happened in 2012 in regards to expanding London’s airports?

A

a government body looked at 3 options to increase air travel at Heathrow and Gatwick but in 2015, a 3rd runway at Heathrow was recommended.
soundproofing homes and schools as well as no night-time flights were recommended

121
Q

how many passengers does Heathrow have?

A

over 73 million and employing 76000 people

122
Q

what improvements are there in London and the South East regarding the M25?

A

improve 1/3 of the junctions on the M25

123
Q

what improvements are there with Manchester and Leeds?

A

extra motorway lanes from Manchester to Leeds- better links between Manchester and Sheffield

124
Q

what improvements are they making with London to Portsmouth?

A

completing the A3 dual carrigeway from London to Portsmouth

125
Q

what is good about the Crossrail scheme?

A

increase London’s rail capacity, cut East passenger’s travel time, encourage regeneration and employment opportunities
new 21km tunnels under central London

126
Q

what are some reasons for HS2? (North-South)

A

will help bridge the North-South divide- could grow industries in the North
government expects 70% of jobs created to be outside London

127
Q

what are some reasons for HS2? (UK economy)

A

help boost the UK’s economy
expected to generate 22,000 construction jobs in the next 5 years and once the entire line is running- will create 100,000 jobs
should increase the UK’s GDP by £15 billion a year- an increase of 0.8%

128
Q

what are some reasons for HS2? (environment)

A

HS2 will move millions of air and road trips onto rail
open up space on the existing rail network for freight, taking hundreds of HGV’s per hour off the road

129
Q

what are some reasons for HS2? (demolition of homes)

A

only just over 600 homes will be bulldozed
340 homes will be cut off from their wider neighbourhood
home owners affected will get money as compensation
have added more tunnels and moved the location of parts of the line to minimise the number of people affected

130
Q

what are some reasons against HS2? (North-South divide)

A

some say that similar projects in France, Spain and South Korea show that it is capitals that benefit from these projects by sucking more wealth to the centre e.g. London

131
Q

what are some reasons against HS2? (boost the UK economy)

A

HS2 Action Alliance which campaigns against the project says there is no independent research backing up the £15 billion figure- the money could be used to boost businesses in other ways

132
Q

what are some reasons against HS2? (demolition of houses)

A

infrastructure supporting the line will be built on 250 acres of green belt land
historic houses in Buckinghamshire and Warwickshire will be demolished or blighted by the new line

133
Q

what are some reasons against HS2? (good for the environment)

A

few high-speed train passengers will transfer from air, most users would otherwise have taken normal train services or simply not have made the trip
HS2’s 250mph trains will use 50% more energy than the Eurostar trains

134
Q

what is the south of England typically like?

A

enjoys higher standards of living, longer life expectancy and higher incomes
higher house prices, more congestion and perhaps less happiness

135
Q

why is there a North-South divide?

A

during the Industrial Revolution- UK’s growth was centered on coalfields in Northern England and Scotland
heavy industries and engineering thrived in cities such as Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield and Glasgow
since the 1970’s, many industries have declined due to loss of resources or competition abroad- as a result, unemployment has risen in these areas
London and the South East prospered with a rapidly growing tertiary sector leading to faster growth than the rest of the UK

136
Q

what has the government done with TNC’s to reduce the North- South divide?

A

government incentive packages (reduced taxes, site development) have been used to attract TNC’s to locate manufacturing plants e.g. Mitsubishi near Edinburgh in 1975 and Nissan in Washington, Tyne and Wear (1984)

137
Q

what did the government launch in 2015?

A

the Northern Powerhouse concept- encouraging industrial and infrastructural developments in Northern England- cities like Leeds, Sheffield and Manchester
aim is to spread economic growth more evenly across the UK

138
Q

what are enterprise zones?

A

government incentives (discount rates, provision of superfast broadband and simplified planning regulations)- encourage new businesses to set up in deprived areas
24 Enterprise Zones have been designed since 2011

139
Q

what are Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEP’s)?

A

voluntary partnerships between local authorities and businesses aimed at encouraging investment and boosting the local economy
e.g. the Lancashire LEP is focusing development on the aerospace and technical engineering sector and aims to create 50,000 high-skilled jobs by 2023

140
Q

what is the idea behind the Northern Powerhouse?

A

to create more opportunities to support science and innovation in the North
devolving power from London to local people in the North- 15 million people in the North

141
Q

who are major trade partners of the UK?

A

USA and China

142
Q

what is most of our trade with?

A

countries in Europe- part of the EU

143
Q

what are transport costs like for the UK and Europe?

A

European countries are geographically close to the UK- transport costs are cheaper

144
Q

why does the UK trade so much with European countries?

A

they are among the world’s wealthiest economies- volume of trade is greater

145
Q

which is the largest UK airport?

A

Heathrow

146
Q

what is transport like in the UK?

A

ferries- can get to France
5 airports in London alone

147
Q

what is the culture in the UK like?

A

music
Brazilian carnival- themed festivals
Diwali and Eid- known in the UK due to its strong relationship with India
English language is the most spoken language

148
Q

what are the UK’s wider links with the world?

A

links with the Commonwealth through trade, culture and migration
the EU- allows free movement of people, goods and services
migration from Europe to the UK has increased- people from these countries move to the UK for better paid work

149
Q

what are the electric communications like in the UK?

A

UK is one of the most connected countries
internet- can connect with the rest of the world
2014- 90% of people in the UK use the internet
the Arctic Fibre project- 15,000 km of cabled linking London with Tokyo

150
Q

how many countries does the EU consist of?

A

28 countries from the Baltic to the Mediterranean

151
Q

what is the “free market”?

A

goods, services, capital and labour can move freely between countries

152
Q

what is the Single Payment Scheme?

A

supports farmers and benefits wildlife and the environment- in 2015, £18 million to support dairy farmers in England and Wales

153
Q

when does the UK and the Commonwealth meet?

A

every 2 years

154
Q

how many countries are in the Commonwealth?

A

over 50 countries

155
Q

why is the Commonwealth important?

A

important cultural and sporting links- created strong cultural links and encouraged trade and business links

geography (15 decks)

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