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geography > changing economic world (Nigeria) > Flashcards

changing economic world (Nigeria) Flashcards

1
Q

what is Gross Domestic Product?

A

the total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year (per capita = divided by its total population)

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2
Q

what is migration?

A

the movement of people from one permanent home to another with the intention of staying for at least a year. this move may be within a country (national) or between countries (international)

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3
Q

what is a TNC?

A

initial investment and jobs lead to a knock on effect. this knock on effect creates more jobs and money which are then reinvested

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4
Q

what is industrial structure?

A

the relative proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary)

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5
Q

what is development?

A

the progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and human welfare

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6
Q

what is the development gap?

A

the difference in standards of living and wellbeing between the world’s richest and poorest countries (HIC versus LIC)

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7
Q

what is gross national income?

A

measurement of economic activity that is calculated by dividing the gross national income by the size of the population. GNI takes into account the value of the goods and services as well as the income earned from investment overseas

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8
Q

what is human development index?

A

a method of measuring development in which GDP per capita, life expectancy are combined to give an overview using social and economic indicators.

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9
Q

what is meant by quality of life?

A

refers to the wide range of human needs that should be met alongside income growth

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10
Q

what countries make up the BRICs?

A

Brazil, Russia, India and China

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11
Q

what countries make up the MINTs?

A

Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey

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12
Q

how can we measure development?

A

calorie intake
HDI
Life expectancy
healthcare
happiness index
unemployment rate
literacy rates

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13
Q

what are the limitations of GNI?

A

only takes into account one factor (income)
average calculation- wealthy people could distort the figures
data about income is sensitive- people may not be honest about their earnings
people working in the informal sector may not be taken into account

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14
Q

what is birth rate?

A

the number of live births per 1000 population

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15
Q

what are the limitations of birth rate?

A

some countries may have low birth rate but are poor- e.g. Cuba- 10 births per 1000- political decisions to invest more money in healthcare over other sectors
birth control policies can distort this as a measure of overall development e.g. China- 12 per 1000

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16
Q

what is death rate?

A

the number of deaths per 1000 population

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17
Q

what are the limitations of death rate?

A

death rate is a less reliable measure of development than birth rate
birth rates can be high in some LIC’s due to poverty but also high in HIC’s where many people are dying of old age

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18
Q

what is infant mortality rate?

A

the number of deaths of children less than one year of age per 1000

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19
Q

why is infant mortality rate a good measure of development?

A

reflects the level of healthcare and service provision in a country

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20
Q

what are the limitations of the infant mortality rate?

A

in the poorest countries, not all the deaths of children are reported, especially in remote areas- the true rates may be even higher

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21
Q

what is life expectancy?

A

average number of years a person in a country can be expected to live

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22
Q

why is life expectancy a good measure of development?

A

reflects healthcare and service provision

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23
Q

what are the limitations of life expectancy?

A

data is not always reliable, especially in LIC’s
can be slightly misleading in countries with very high rates of infant mortality as people surviving infancy may live longer than expected afterwards

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24
Q

what are literacy rates?

A

the % of people with basic reading and writing skills

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25
Q

why is literacy rates a good measure of development?

A

reflects the provision of education within a country

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26
Q

what are the limitations of literacy rates?

A

can be hard to measure in LIC’s due to lack of monitoring
war zones and squatter settlements are difficult areas to measure literacy rates

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27
Q

what is % of access to safe water?

A

% of people with access to safe mains water

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28
Q

what are the limitations of % of access to safe water?

A

data collection in LIC’s is not likely to be accurate and so official figures may underestimate the problem
people may technically have access but high costs may force them to use water that is not safe

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29
Q

what are the limitations of HDI?

A

a narrow measure and only takes into account 3 indicators (life expectancy, income GNI and education)
a general measure based on average calculations so doesn’t take into account differences that may exist within a country
the stats provided by some countries may be unreliable

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30
Q

what does the demographic transition model graph?

A

birth rate, death rate and natural increase

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31
Q

what does demographic mean?

A

population

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32
Q

when does natural increase happen?

A

if birth rate is greater than death rate

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33
Q

when does natural decrease occur?

A

if death rate is greater than birth rate

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34
Q

what stages are LIC’s in?

A

stages 1 and 2 and are growing rapidly with low life expectancies

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35
Q

what stages are NEE’s in?

A

stage 3- birth rates are falling, growth is slower and people are living longer

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36
Q

what stages are HIC’s in?

A

stages 4 and 5- with slow growing populations or populations in decline

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37
Q

what factors have caused uneven development?

A

political unrest
lack of education
lack of fertile soils
colonisation
civil wars/ conflict

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38
Q

how is historical causes a cause of uneven development?

A

many LIC’s were colonised by powerful trading countries e.g. the UK, Spain, France
much of Africa, South America and Asia were exploited for their raw materials and over 10 million people were exported from Africa to North America to work as slaves
many have now struggled with power struggles and civil wards

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39
Q

what is an example of historical causes being a cause of uneven development?

A

before British colonisation, India’s share of the global economy was 27%- by the time India gained independance, it was 3%

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40
Q

what is a cause of colonialism?

A

Europe wanted to build global influence

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41
Q

what is an effect of colonialism?

A

when the DR Congo gained independence from Belgium. they only had 14 university graduates

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42
Q

what are some physical causes of uneven development?

A

landlocked countries
climate related diseases and pests
extreme weather
limited access to clean water

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43
Q

how is landlocked a cause of uneven development?

A

countries are cut off from searborne trade important to economic growth. Africa has some of the most landlocked countries e.g. Chad

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44
Q

how are climate related diseases and pests a cause of uneven development?

A

diseases (like malaria) affect the ability of the population to stay healthy enough to work. Locust swarms can decimate crops

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45
Q

how is extreme weather a cause of uneven development?

A

extreme weather events such as droughts, floods and tropical storms can slow development and can incur costly repairs to infrastructure e.g. Bangladesh

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46
Q

how is limited access to clean water a cause of uneven development?

A

lack of safe water can stifle development by making people sick and unable to work e.g. in Angola

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47
Q

what were the key features of Haiti’s earthquake in 2010?

A

7.0 earthquake near the capital- Port-au-Prince
25% schools destroyed
300,000 homes damaged
300,000 injured
300,000 dead

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48
Q

what are some examples of economic causes of uneven development?

A

poverty
trade

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49
Q

how is poverty a cause of uneven development?

A

lack of money in a country slows development
it prevents improvements to living standards, education, sanitation and infrastructure
without these, development in agriculture and infrastructure will be slow and the economy will suffer

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50
Q

how is trade a cause of uneven development?

A

wealthier regions such as Asia, Europe and North America dominate trade because they export secondary (processed) goods which earn more income
these countries accumulate wealth which makes them more powerful- they are able to dictate the terms of trade to their advantage

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51
Q

what do LIC’s mostly trade?

A

primary goods- these goods have low value and earn them little money
they then have limited funds to invest in infrastructure and services that would enable them to develop

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52
Q

what do LIC’s mainly rely on?

A

single exports- these are subject to fluctuations in market price
this means that a drop in the market value risks them losing a high proportion of their income that would enable them to develop

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53
Q

what is an example of an LIC relying heavily on a single export?

A

Zambia- copper

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54
Q

how much of exports does copper account for in Zambia?

A

over 60%

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55
Q

what other exports does Zambia have?

A

sugar, tobacco, gemstones and cotton

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56
Q

who is Zambia’s main trading partner?

A

Switzerland- 45% of total exports

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57
Q

what is Zambia’s HDI?

A

0.39

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58
Q

what is the rate of deaths of children under 15 in LIC’s compared to HIC’s?

A

40% of deaths are in children under 15 in LIC’s compared to 1% in HIC’s

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59
Q

in LIC’s what accounts for 1/3 of deaths?

A

infectious diseases e.g. HIV/aids, malaria and tuberculosis

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60
Q

how many deaths out of 10 are 70 years and over in LIC’s?

A

2 in every 10

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61
Q

how many deaths out of 10 are 70 years and over in HIC’s?

A

7 in every 10

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62
Q

what are the main causes of death in HIC’s?

A

chronic diseases- heart and lung diseases, cancer or diabetes

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63
Q

how many children die under 15 years old in HIC’s?

A

1 in every 100

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64
Q

how much of the world’s total wealth is in North America?

A

35% of total wealth- by just 5% of the total population

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65
Q

what is brain drain?

A

young, clever, healthy people leave their countries in order to gain a better QOL

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66
Q

what is one of the main consequences of uneven development?

A

international migration- people move to improve the QOL

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67
Q

what are some of the global goals for sustainable development?

A

no poverty, zero hunger, quality education, reduced inequalities and life below water

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68
Q

what is sustainable economic growth?

A

economic development that attempts to grow economies and satisfy the needs of humans but in a manner that sustains natural resources and the environment for future generations

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69
Q

what strategies can be used to reduce the development gap?

A

aid, fairtrade, tourism, debt relief and investment by TNC’s

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70
Q

how does investment by TNC’s work?

A

FDI where TNC’s locate their factories/ research and development facilities in another country

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71
Q

how does investment by TNC’s help?

A

helps people in poorer countries by giving them new skills
increases trade for the LIC
new job opportunities
new technology and ideas

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72
Q

what is an example of investment by TNC’s

A

apple- HQ in the USA
they have data centres, main facilities all around the world

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73
Q

what is industrial development?

A

a wealthy company e.g. Shell invests in Nigeria or starts refining oil
local firms then provide SHELL’s refinery with components/ products- SHELL provides jobs for the local people

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74
Q

how is industrial development good?

A

local people earn a salary- more than they would earn doing an informal job- with their income, they spend more money in local businesses- boots the economy and increases people’s SOL
government spends the money improving infrastructure and attractions to bring in more manufacturing industries

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75
Q

who are the main leaders of FDI?

A

the USA and China

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76
Q

what are the cons of industrial development?

A

the company may not pay the LIC workers a fair wage and there may be damage to the environment e.g. pollution

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77
Q

what is aid?

A

a form of help given from one country to another or from NGO’s to a country

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78
Q

what are the different types of aid?

A

short term aid
development aid
tied aid
untied aid

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79
Q

what is short term aid?

A

e.g. the Boxing Day Tsunami

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80
Q

what is development aid?

A

longer term- helps countries raise their poor standards of living

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81
Q

what is tied aid?

A

host country may have to trade more with the donor country (they expect something in return)

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82
Q

what is untied aid?

A

doesn’t expect anything e.g. the UK gives Pakistan 375 million aid in 2015

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83
Q

what can aid be used for?

A

to help the country, develop in terms of healthcare, education/ schooling, technology infrastructure- better standards of living for the people- happier and healthier- boots the economy

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84
Q

what are the cons of aid?

A

wars/tensions with other countries may impact the global scale of it

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85
Q

why might some people disagree with aid?

A

should use the money to develop and improve your own country

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86
Q

what is good about aid?

A

very influential and can majorly help LIV’s- especially after a natural disaster- to rebuild, rehome, educate, plan and gain access to better technology to prevent against other future natural disasters

87
Q

what is intermediate technology?

A

a way of transferring technology from rich countries to poorer nations

88
Q

what does intermediate technology involve?

A

small-scale, labour intensive, environmentally sound technology that improves the QOL- designed to improve LIC’s current technology

89
Q

what does intermediate technology use?

A

simpler technologies that are right for the people, the environment and the donor

90
Q

what is good about intermediate technology?

A

low cost and local- local people can manage and control rather than imported technologies and techniques

91
Q

what is an example of intermediate technology?

A

Practical Action- over 100 projects helping over 900,000 people
Micro Hydro- electric power stations in e.g. Srilanka, Kenya, Peru

92
Q

what is Fairtrade?

A

workers sell their produce through Fairtrade in order to get a fair price and wage
they get a contract for extra financial security, better prices for their products and access to Fair Trade Premium

93
Q

what is an example of Fairtrade?

A

Coobana in Panama- they sell their bananas to the UK through Fairtade in order to get a fair price and wage

94
Q

is Fairtrade international?

A

yes- 4,500 products are Fairtrade and 72% of the UK recognise the logo

95
Q

what is good about fairtrade?

A

families can use the grant money to gain a better standard of life as well as also earning a higher wage

96
Q

what is debt relief?

A

HIC’s lend LIC’s money so that the LIC’s can develop building dams, schooling, housing etc

97
Q

what is a con of debt relief?

A

lots of LIC’s can’t pay this debt back due to interest rates or
projects failing
HIC’s spend more money on loan payments than health care and education for the people living in their own countries

98
Q

what is an example of a con of debt relief?

A

Jubilee 2000- the UK government cancelled a lot of the debt poorer nations owed- to help relieve their country

99
Q

what are microfinance loans?

A

someone donates to a charity e.g. World Vision
an entrepreneur then receives the loan and training- their business grows and jobs are created

100
Q

what is good about microfinance loans?

A

their business grows and jobs are created- giving local people good, safe jobs
the people who have a job can then send their children to school, buy safe food and drink and get access to better healthcare
the loan is then repaid- the money goes back into the local community- benefitting the community

101
Q

what could be a problem about microfinance loans?

A

if people stop donating to charities

102
Q

what is the capital of Tunisia?

A

Tunis

103
Q

what are 3 countries bordering Tunisia?

A

Morocco, Algeria and Libya

104
Q

what is the body of water hugging Tunisia’s coast?

A

the Mediterrean

105
Q

what is the approximate population of Tunisia?

A

11.11 million

106
Q

what are the main 3 languages spoken in Tunisia?

A

Arabic, French and Berber

107
Q

is Tunisia a HIC, NEE or LIC?

A

NEE

108
Q

what is the GDP per capita?

A

£3,872

109
Q

what are the reasons for Tunisia’s growth in tourism?

A

climate
links with Europe
history and culture
rise of cheap package holidays
the physical landscape

110
Q

how is climate a reason for the growth of tourism in Tunisia?

A

Northerly coast has a Mediterranean climate- hot summers and mild winters
40c high temperatures in summer attract sun seekers from the UK

111
Q

how are links with Europe a reason for the growth of tourism in Tunisia?

A

Tunisia is close to Sicily and easily accessible by low-cost airlines to mainland Europe
Tunisia is an ex-colony of France meaning many inhabitants speak French- appealing to many tourists

112
Q

how is history and culture a reason for the growth of Tunisia’s growth industry?

A

Tunisia hosts 7 UNESCO World Heritage Sites- ancient remains of Carthage and the Roman El-Jem amphitheatre
Star Wars was filmed in Tunisia- attracts fans

113
Q

how is the rise of cheap- package holidays a reason for Tunisia’s growth in tourism?

A

the Tunisian government worked with tourist operators like TUI to develop the country into a tourist destination with hotels, transport infrastructure and recreational activities like water sports

114
Q

what are the positive impacts on development in Tunisia?

A

the 70’s and 80’s- n. of lodging facilities and bed capacity tripled- Tunisia is one of the fastest growing tourism economies in the world
increasing the productivity of the domestic agriculture sector to provide food supplies for European palates can increase women’s status and income by increasing financial gains from farming

115
Q

what are the negatives of development on Tunisia?

A

the expansion of this industry led to a migration of those from fishing into either a factory or hotel
Tunisia’s beaches are the choice locations for packaged tourisms- has contributed to a disproportionate growth- the central and southern regions of the country are more developed

116
Q

what are some environmental negative impacts of the development in the tourism industry?

A

building of roads and the expansion of hotels can alter the physical environment
problems of sewage treatment
hotels watering gardens, filling swimming pools when the supply is cut off sporadically in other parts of the city

117
Q

what has benefitted as a result of Tunisia’s economic growth?

A

life expectancy as diet and healthcare has improved
literacy rates have increased 13% from 66-79%

118
Q

what is the industrial structure?

A

the relative proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary)

119
Q

what is a NEE?

A

a country whose economy is growing rapidly because of the economic developments and reforms they are putting into place

120
Q

what is a balanced economy?

A

where economic growth is sustainable and the economy is growing across different sectors

121
Q

what are sectors of the economy?

A

the grouping of the different types of jobs into sectors- primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

122
Q

what is economic development?

A

the process by which a nation improves the economic well-being of its people as measured by GDP

123
Q

what is a Transnational Corporation (TNC)?

A

a large company that operates in several countries

124
Q

what is industrial development?

A

the start of new industries or forms of employment in new places or the redevelopment of an old industrial location

125
Q

what is the manufacturing industry?

A

industry and trade bases on the making, processing or preparation of products from raw materials

126
Q

how has life expectancy in Nigeria changed over time?

A

has increased about 45 years due to Nigeria becoming more developed, therefore having better healthcare

127
Q

how has income in Nigeria changed over time?

A

has also increased by 5 times due to the country becoming a NEE

128
Q

what countries surround Nigeria?

A

Cameroon, Niger, Benin and Chad

129
Q

what is Nigeria’s global importance?

A

2.7% of the world’s oil is supplied by Nigeria

130
Q

what is Nigeria’s global importance (economy)

A

by 2050. Nigeria’s economy will be in the top 20 largest economies in the world

131
Q

what is Nigeria’s regional importance?

A

Nigeria often takes leadership roles- e.g. during the formation of the African Union

132
Q

what is Nigeria’s regional importance (Nollywood)?

A

Nollywood is the second largest in the world- after Bollywood and ahead of Hollywood

133
Q

what is Nigeria’s regional importance (economy)?

A

Nigeria is the largest economy in West Africa

134
Q

what is the South of Nigeria like?

A

mangrove- grows on tropical coasts
freshwater swamp- grows inland in flooded areas
tropical rainforest- grows in hot, wet tropical climate

135
Q

what is the North of Nigeria like?

A

Woodland and long grass savanna- grows in hot, tropical climate with a short dry season
short grass savanna- grows in hot, dry tropical climate with a short wet season

136
Q

what land is Lagos in?

A

Yoruba Land

137
Q

what parts are in the tropical rainforest part of Nigeria?

A

Igbo- Port Harcourt- lots of oil

138
Q

what is a social aspect of Nigeria?

A

250 minority groups make up 1/3 of Nigeria’s population, each with their own languages and traditions

139
Q

what is a cultural aspect of Nigeria?

A

the Nigerian football team has won the African Cup of nations 3 times

140
Q

what is an environmental aspect of Nigeria?

A

Nigeria’s natural environments form a series of bands across the country, reflecting decreasing rainfall towards the north, towards the Sahel

141
Q

what are the advantages of dispersion graphs?

A

shows the spread from the mean
very visual- gives a good indication of the data

142
Q

what are the positives of a youthful population?

A

attract to TNC’s
active and productive workforce- healthy and able to contribute to the economy

143
Q

what are the negatives of a youthful population?

A

workforce need more help/ tutoring as they’re less experienced
pressure on schooling
more competition for jobs due to lots of economically active people

144
Q

when did Nigeria gain independance?

A

1960

145
Q

what was the proportion of the people working in the different sectors in March 2022?

A

22% worked in agriculture, 21% worked in industry and 56% worked in services

146
Q

where does over half of the country’s GDP come from?

A

manufacturing and service industries

147
Q

what are the fasting growing industries in Nigeria?

A

telecommunications- over 115 million mobile phone users
retail and wholesale- many informal businesses are now formal
Nollywood- it is the 3rd largest film industry

148
Q

how much of the GDP does oil and gas account for?

A

14% of the GDP
95% of export earnings

149
Q

where is most wealth and where is most poverty?

A

wealth is in the South near Victoria Islands
and most poverty is in the North and South-East

150
Q

what is a cash crop?

A

a fast growing plant that is planted with the intention of selling them on the market to make profit
e.g. palm oil

151
Q

what is a free trade zone?

A

a major urban industrial area which has already attracted manufacturers

152
Q

what is the multiplier effect?

A

the positive spin- off effect that follows on from an initial investment in a region e.g. a new factory

153
Q

what is sub-Sharan Africa’s leading cement company?

A

Dangote Cement

154
Q

what is Dangote Cement’s production capacity?

A

48.6 million tonnes per year across 10 countries

155
Q

what impact does Dangote Cement have on Nigeria?

A

adds interest in FDI’s and encourages more TNC’s to locate in Nigeria
increased the pace of economic development
increased formal jobs and investment

156
Q

what is the price like for LIC’s that receive primary goods?

A

often low

157
Q

why are secondary goods valuable to a LIC?

A

they command a higher price- country can raise its GDP

158
Q

what are some impacts of Nigeria’s growth in manufacturing?

A

regular paid work gives people a secure income to improve their lives- the income for the governments taxes increase
many manufactured goods are available for people to buy
attracts foreign companies to establish and invest in Nigeria- creating more jobs

159
Q

how many Nigerian people work in the oil industry?

A

10% of Nigerian people

160
Q

what percentage of export revenues is oil?

A

90%

161
Q

is Nigeria the largest export of oil in Africa?

A

yes

162
Q

how much investments does oil production bring?

A

about a billion investments

163
Q

how much oil does Nigerian companies provide for companies like Shell, Chevron and Texaco?

A

more than 1/5

164
Q

who are the primary investors in the economy of Nigeria?

A

the US, UK Germany and China

165
Q

what did China do in 2006?

A

gave one billion dollars to Nigeria for the development of railways

166
Q

in the 2000’s, how much money did Beijing invest into the development of the oil industry?

A

more than $4 billion

167
Q

what was the money spent on that Beijing invested in?

A

the exploration of oil fields to improve the transport infrastructure, medicine and weapons for the Nigerian army

168
Q

what did PetroChina Corporation sign in 2005 with Nigeria?

A

an agreement- stated that Nigeria would give 30,000 barrels of oil a day to China

169
Q

how many TNC’s are there in Nigeria?

A

40

170
Q

what does Unilever have in Nigeria?

A

chemical and soap manufacturing plants in Nigeria

171
Q

what do Unilever manufacture soap using?

A

Nigerian grown palm oil

172
Q

how many people does Unilever employ in Nigeria?

A

1500

173
Q

where does the palm oil come from in Unilever’s manufacturing?

A

sustainable sources to protect the environment

174
Q

why was Unilever voted the 2nd best company to work for in Nigeria in 2014?

A

the company has promoted improvement in healthcare, education and water supply- part of its social responsibility programme

175
Q

what are the negatives of Shell Oil in Nigeria?

A

oil spills- caused water pollution and damaged the land- reducing agricultural and fishing yields
toxic fumes are polluting the air
militant groups disrupt the oil supply
oil theft is costing the government and TNC’s billions of dollars a year

176
Q

how much of Nigeria’s total petroleum production does Shell’s work produce?

A

21%

177
Q

how many fields does Shell have in Nigeria?

A

more than 80

178
Q

what is an environmental concern of Shell?

A

oil spills

179
Q

what have TNC’s and Shell been accused of in the past?

A

human rights abuse
Shell has been accused of crimes against the Ogoni people in the Niger Delta

180
Q

what are the conditions like for workers in TNC’s?

A

working for long hours (12+ hours) in poor conditions- factories (sweat shops)
employees in LIC’S might be paid much less than employees in HIC’s for doing higher intensity work

181
Q

what charity does Shell have in Nigeria?

A

the Shell foundation- to help sustainability and biodiversity and help local communities

182
Q

how much money has Shell spent in LIC’s?

A

$12 billion

183
Q

how much money did Shell pay in corporation tax in 2013?

A

£20 billion

184
Q

advantages of TNC’s (like Shell) in Nigeria?

A

increased wealth and rapid boost in GDP per person- from $300 in 2000 to $3000 in 2017
provide new technology
stimulates development- multiplier effect- Shell oil refinery uses local companies to provide services and goods to run it- creating more jobs
charities that help people e.g. Shell Foundation- helps sustainability and biodiversity in local communities

185
Q

what are the disadvantages of TNC’s in Nigeria?

A

environmental damage- Shell has had 500 million gallons of oil spilt
Ogoni people remain poor despite their land used for oil extraction and being polluted by oil spills
leakage of profits- more profit goes back to HQ in HIC’s
TNC’s can withdraw investment with no warning
TNC’s have power over the government

186
Q

what links does Nigeria have with China?

A

China will give $12 billion to construct a new 1,400 km railway

187
Q

where are most of Nigeria’s imports from?

A

refined petroleum products from the EU and the USA
cars from Brazil
mobile phones from China and staple foods e.g. rice and wheat

188
Q

where are most of Nigeria’s exports from?

A

almost 50% of Nigeria’s exports are to the EU- crude oil, natural gas, cocoa, cotton and rubber
most of Nigeria’s crude oil is exported to India, China, Japan and South Korea
30% of Nigeria’s cotton is exported to Australia and 15% to Indonesia
cocoa is exported to Barbados

189
Q

what is Nigeria’s national importance/role?

A

plays a leading political role within Africa in terms of economic planning through the African Union and peacekeeping as part of the United Nations

190
Q

what are Nigeria’s links with China like?

A

Nigeria benefits from increased investment e.g. $12 billion to construct a new 1,400 km railway

191
Q

what trading groups is Nigeria part of?

A

Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS), a trading alliance with its headquarters in Abuja and the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

192
Q

what did China invest in Nigeria?

A

$10 billion in exploration and drilling of a new oilfields

193
Q

why might Nigeria need aid?

A

to pay back loans- in debt- Nigeria is trapped in debt from the British colonies
terrorism
famine
diseases- healthcare

194
Q

what is the definition of aid?

A

the help given to the donor country to the recipient country- can be in the form of money, grants or loans, equipment, goods, people (e.g. teachers, nurses, technology or expertise)

195
Q

what is bilateral/ conditional/ tied aid?

A

aid given to the donor country to the recipient country but with conditions attached e.g. tying the recipient country into buying the exports of the donor country

196
Q

what is multilateral aid?

A

money given by donor countries to organisations such as the World Bank or the United Nations who then distribute it to recipient countries

197
Q

what is long term/ development aid?

A

aid given over many years to help a country develop politically, economically, socially and environmentally

198
Q

what is short term/ emergency aid?

A

aid which lasts a short term- usually in response to an emergency, such as a natural disaster e.g. earthquake, volcanic eruption, famine and flood

199
Q

what is top-down/ large scale aid?

A

money given by a donor country to a recipient country to spend on big projects such as building a river development scheme or a new railway line

200
Q

what is bottom-up/ small scale aid?

A

money given by a donor organisation such as a charity to a local community organisation to spend on small projects such as building a new well or installing solar panels

201
Q

what is a donor country?

A

the country giving the aid to the recipient country

202
Q

what is the recipient country?

A

the country that receives the aid from the donor country

203
Q

how much of Nigeria’s population live below 63p a day?

A

60%

204
Q

why is aid not always used effectively in Nigeria?

A

corruption in the government and individuals means aid is lost or not given to the right people
there have been claims that aid money has been used to supply the navy
donors of aid may have political influence over who does and does not benefit- they may use donations to promote themselves

205
Q

how does Nigeria benefit from aid?

A

Nets for Life project- provides education on Malaria and gives mosquito nets to households to prevent the spread of the disease
World Bank funded loans to businesses to help diversify the economy away from being dependent on oil so that new businesses and industries are developed
UK government has funded health and HIV programmes providing health and education in rural areas- help to protect people against infection in the future and help them to work and improve their own lives

206
Q

UN short term aid includes….

A

food- UN World Food Programme has supplied emergency food to over 400,000 people in Northern Nigeria who are facing starvation as farmers were unable to sow their crops due to the conflict

207
Q

UK bilateral/ long term aid includes…

A

gives £300 million in aid to Nigeria every year
Health- £100 million spent on: training more skilled health personnel to deliver babies in Northern Nigeria
10 million malaria nets issued to reduce disease
Nigeria had one of the highest death rates from Malaria in the world
water and sanitation- £7 million spent on 5.5 million more people using safe water and proper toilets- reducing disease

208
Q

China bilateral aid includes….

A

weapons- supplied arms equipment to the Nigerian army
in return, Nigeria has to import cheap Chinese goods but many are unhappy about the import of these low price, often shoddily made goods as they have provided unfair competition to Nigerian businesses and also some electrical goods have caused fires
infrastructure- China provided Nigeria with an $11 billion TIED loan to improve its railway networks- in return, Nigeria supplied PetroChina with 30,000 barrels of oil a day

209
Q

example of top down/ large scale aid?

A

World Bank- provided $560 million to build a large-scale irrigation and drainage scheme in North-East Nigeria in the Upper Benue river basin
Dadin Kowa Dam- built across the Gongola River to form a reservoir which will provide irrigation water for farming
improve the lives of the people of the region by increasing food production, providing flood protection and by improving resources for agriculture, fishing and forestry

210
Q

what are the negatives of the top down/ large scale aid?

A

dams can have negative impacts on people downstream

211
Q

what is an example of bottom up/ small scale aid?

A

Oxfam GB- member of Oxfam international- a NGO
working with Nigeria to help small-scale farmers improve their productivity so that there is more food available for the growing population
help prevent volatile changes in food prices which hit the poor particularly hard
help female farmers become community leaders- they are empowered and their voices are heard
improve the resilience of small scale farmers and pastoralists in times of national disasters, emergencies and climate change

212
Q

what is an example of short term/ emergency aid?

A

2017- 2 UN agencies are working in North- East Nigeria to help the people affected by the conflict between the Nigerian government and the terrorist group Boko Haram UN can provide emergency help in places where some individual donor countries might not be welcome
rainy season- hard for the supplies of food and medicine to reach the stricken people who are clustered near Maiduguri, the Borno state capital
UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) has been helping the people who fled to Cameroon for safety- when the conflict broke out, who are now returning home, only to find their homes destroyed

213
Q

what are the negative impacts of the short term/ emergency aid?

A

difficult to distribute aid in a way where everyone will be helped

214
Q

what are the social aims of long term/ development aid?

A

improve the health of

geography (15 decks)

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