changing economic world (Nigeria) Flashcards
1
Q
what is Gross Domestic Product?
A
the total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year (per capita = divided by its total population)
2
Q
what is migration?
A
the movement of people from one permanent home to another with the intention of staying for at least a year. this move may be within a country (national) or between countries (international)
3
Q
what is a TNC?
A
initial investment and jobs lead to a knock on effect. this knock on effect creates more jobs and money which are then reinvested
4
Q
what is industrial structure?
A
the relative proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary)
5
Q
what is development?
A
the progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and human welfare
6
Q
what is the development gap?
A
the difference in standards of living and wellbeing between the world’s richest and poorest countries (HIC versus LIC)
7
Q
what is gross national income?
A
measurement of economic activity that is calculated by dividing the gross national income by the size of the population. GNI takes into account the value of the goods and services as well as the income earned from investment overseas
8
Q
what is human development index?
A
a method of measuring development in which GDP per capita, life expectancy are combined to give an overview using social and economic indicators.
9
Q
what is meant by quality of life?
A
refers to the wide range of human needs that should be met alongside income growth
10
Q
what countries make up the BRICs?
A
Brazil, Russia, India and China
11
Q
what countries make up the MINTs?
A
Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey
12
Q
how can we measure development?
A
calorie intake
HDI
Life expectancy
healthcare
happiness index
unemployment rate
literacy rates
13
Q
what are the limitations of GNI?
A
only takes into account one factor (income)
average calculation- wealthy people could distort the figures
data about income is sensitive- people may not be honest about their earnings
people working in the informal sector may not be taken into account
14
Q
what is birth rate?
A
the number of live births per 1000 population
15
Q
what are the limitations of birth rate?
A
some countries may have low birth rate but are poor- e.g. Cuba- 10 births per 1000- political decisions to invest more money in healthcare over other sectors
birth control policies can distort this as a measure of overall development e.g. China- 12 per 1000
16
Q
what is death rate?
A
the number of deaths per 1000 population
17
Q
what are the limitations of death rate?
A
death rate is a less reliable measure of development than birth rate
birth rates can be high in some LIC’s due to poverty but also high in HIC’s where many people are dying of old age
18
Q
what is infant mortality rate?
A
the number of deaths of children less than one year of age per 1000
19
Q
why is infant mortality rate a good measure of development?
A
reflects the level of healthcare and service provision in a country
20
Q
what are the limitations of the infant mortality rate?
A
in the poorest countries, not all the deaths of children are reported, especially in remote areas- the true rates may be even higher
21
Q
what is life expectancy?
A
average number of years a person in a country can be expected to live
22
Q
why is life expectancy a good measure of development?
A
reflects healthcare and service provision
23
Q
what are the limitations of life expectancy?
A
data is not always reliable, especially in LIC’s
can be slightly misleading in countries with very high rates of infant mortality as people surviving infancy may live longer than expected afterwards
24
Q
what are literacy rates?
A
the % of people with basic reading and writing skills
25
why is literacy rates a good measure of development?
reflects the provision of education within a country
26
what are the limitations of literacy rates?
can be hard to measure in LIC's due to lack of monitoring
war zones and squatter settlements are difficult areas to measure literacy rates
27
what is % of access to safe water?
% of people with access to safe mains water
28
what are the limitations of % of access to safe water?
data collection in LIC's is not likely to be accurate and so official figures may underestimate the problem
people may technically have access but high costs may force them to use water that is not safe
29
what are the limitations of HDI?
a narrow measure and only takes into account 3 indicators (life expectancy, income GNI and education)
a general measure based on average calculations so doesn't take into account differences that may exist within a country
the stats provided by some countries may be unreliable
30
what does the demographic transition model graph?
birth rate, death rate and natural increase
31
what does demographic mean?
population
32
when does natural increase happen?
if birth rate is greater than death rate
33
when does natural decrease occur?
if death rate is greater than birth rate
34
what stages are LIC's in?
stages 1 and 2 and are growing rapidly with low life expectancies
35
what stages are NEE's in?
stage 3- birth rates are falling, growth is slower and people are living longer
36
what stages are HIC's in?
stages 4 and 5- with slow growing populations or populations in decline
37
what factors have caused uneven development?
political unrest
lack of education
lack of fertile soils
colonisation
civil wars/ conflict
38
how is historical causes a cause of uneven development?
many LIC's were colonised by powerful trading countries e.g. the UK, Spain, France
much of Africa, South America and Asia were exploited for their raw materials and over 10 million people were exported from Africa to North America to work as slaves
many have now struggled with power struggles and civil wards
39
what is an example of historical causes being a cause of uneven development?
before British colonisation, India's share of the global economy was 27%- by the time India gained independance, it was 3%
40
what is a cause of colonialism?
Europe wanted to build global influence
41
what is an effect of colonialism?
when the DR Congo gained independence from Belgium. they only had 14 university graduates
42
what are some physical causes of uneven development?
landlocked countries
climate related diseases and pests
extreme weather
limited access to clean water
43
how is landlocked a cause of uneven development?
countries are cut off from searborne trade important to economic growth. Africa has some of the most landlocked countries e.g. Chad
44
how are climate related diseases and pests a cause of uneven development?
diseases (like malaria) affect the ability of the population to stay healthy enough to work. Locust swarms can decimate crops
45
how is extreme weather a cause of uneven development?
extreme weather events such as droughts, floods and tropical storms can slow development and can incur costly repairs to infrastructure e.g. Bangladesh
46
how is limited access to clean water a cause of uneven development?
lack of safe water can stifle development by making people sick and unable to work e.g. in Angola
47
what were the key features of Haiti's earthquake in 2010?
7.0 earthquake near the capital- Port-au-Prince
25% schools destroyed
300,000 homes damaged
300,000 injured
300,000 dead
48
what are some examples of economic causes of uneven development?
poverty
trade
49
how is poverty a cause of uneven development?
lack of money in a country slows development
it prevents improvements to living standards, education, sanitation and infrastructure
without these, development in agriculture and infrastructure will be slow and the economy will suffer
50
how is trade a cause of uneven development?
wealthier regions such as Asia, Europe and North America dominate trade because they export secondary (processed) goods which earn more income
these countries accumulate wealth which makes them more powerful- they are able to dictate the terms of trade to their advantage
51
what do LIC's mostly trade?
primary goods- these goods have low value and earn them little money
they then have limited funds to invest in infrastructure and services that would enable them to develop
52
what do LIC's mainly rely on?
single exports- these are subject to fluctuations in market price
this means that a drop in the market value risks them losing a high proportion of their income that would enable them to develop
53
what is an example of an LIC relying heavily on a single export?
Zambia- copper
54
how much of exports does copper account for in Zambia?
over 60%
55
what other exports does Zambia have?
sugar, tobacco, gemstones and cotton
56
who is Zambia's main trading partner?
Switzerland- 45% of total exports
57
what is Zambia's HDI?
0.39
58
what is the rate of deaths of children under 15 in LIC's compared to HIC's?
40% of deaths are in children under 15 in LIC's compared to 1% in HIC's
59
in LIC's what accounts for 1/3 of deaths?
infectious diseases e.g. HIV/aids, malaria and tuberculosis
60
how many deaths out of 10 are 70 years and over in LIC's?
2 in every 10
61
how many deaths out of 10 are 70 years and over in HIC's?
7 in every 10
62
what are the main causes of death in HIC's?
chronic diseases- heart and lung diseases, cancer or diabetes
63
how many children die under 15 years old in HIC's?
1 in every 100
64
how much of the world's total wealth is in North America?
35% of total wealth- by just 5% of the total population
65
what is brain drain?
young, clever, healthy people leave their countries in order to gain a better QOL
66
what is one of the main consequences of uneven development?
international migration- people move to improve the QOL
67
what are some of the global goals for sustainable development?
no poverty, zero hunger, quality education, reduced inequalities and life below water
68
what is sustainable economic growth?
economic development that attempts to grow economies and satisfy the needs of humans but in a manner that sustains natural resources and the environment for future generations
69
what strategies can be used to reduce the development gap?
aid, fairtrade, tourism, debt relief and investment by TNC's
70
how does investment by TNC's work?
FDI where TNC's locate their factories/ research and development facilities in another country
71
how does investment by TNC's help?
helps people in poorer countries by giving them new skills
increases trade for the LIC
new job opportunities
new technology and ideas
72
what is an example of investment by TNC's
apple- HQ in the USA
they have data centres, main facilities all around the world
73
what is industrial development?
a wealthy company e.g. Shell invests in Nigeria or starts refining oil
local firms then provide SHELL's refinery with components/ products- SHELL provides jobs for the local people
74
how is industrial development good?
local people earn a salary- more than they would earn doing an informal job- with their income, they spend more money in local businesses- boots the economy and increases people's SOL
government spends the money improving infrastructure and attractions to bring in more manufacturing industries
75
who are the main leaders of FDI?
the USA and China
76
what are the cons of industrial development?
the company may not pay the LIC workers a fair wage and there may be damage to the environment e.g. pollution
77
what is aid?
a form of help given from one country to another or from NGO's to a country
78
what are the different types of aid?
short term aid
development aid
tied aid
untied aid
79
what is short term aid?
e.g. the Boxing Day Tsunami
80
what is development aid?
longer term- helps countries raise their poor standards of living
81
what is tied aid?
host country may have to trade more with the donor country (they expect something in return)
82
what is untied aid?
doesn't expect anything e.g. the UK gives Pakistan 375 million aid in 2015
83
what can aid be used for?
to help the country, develop in terms of healthcare, education/ schooling, technology infrastructure- better standards of living for the people- happier and healthier- boots the economy
84
what are the cons of aid?
wars/tensions with other countries may impact the global scale of it
85
why might some people disagree with aid?
should use the money to develop and improve your own country
86
what is good about aid?
very influential and can majorly help LIV's- especially after a natural disaster- to rebuild, rehome, educate, plan and gain access to better technology to prevent against other future natural disasters
87
what is intermediate technology?
a way of transferring technology from rich countries to poorer nations
88
what does intermediate technology involve?
small-scale, labour intensive, environmentally sound technology that improves the QOL- designed to improve LIC's current technology
89
what does intermediate technology use?
simpler technologies that are right for the people, the environment and the donor
90
what is good about intermediate technology?
low cost and local- local people can manage and control rather than imported technologies and techniques
91
what is an example of intermediate technology?
Practical Action- over 100 projects helping over 900,000 people
Micro Hydro- electric power stations in e.g. Srilanka, Kenya, Peru
92
what is Fairtrade?
workers sell their produce through Fairtrade in order to get a fair price and wage
they get a contract for extra financial security, better prices for their products and access to Fair Trade Premium
93
what is an example of Fairtrade?
Coobana in Panama- they sell their bananas to the UK through Fairtade in order to get a fair price and wage
94
is Fairtrade international?
yes- 4,500 products are Fairtrade and 72% of the UK recognise the logo
95
what is good about fairtrade?
families can use the grant money to gain a better standard of life as well as also earning a higher wage
96
what is debt relief?
HIC's lend LIC's money so that the LIC's can develop building dams, schooling, housing etc
97
what is a con of debt relief?
lots of LIC's can't pay this debt back due to interest rates or
projects failing
HIC's spend more money on loan payments than health care and education for the people living in their own countries
98
what is an example of a con of debt relief?
Jubilee 2000- the UK government cancelled a lot of the debt poorer nations owed- to help relieve their country
99
what are microfinance loans?
someone donates to a charity e.g. World Vision
an entrepreneur then receives the loan and training- their business grows and jobs are created
100
what is good about microfinance loans?
their business grows and jobs are created- giving local people good, safe jobs
the people who have a job can then send their children to school, buy safe food and drink and get access to better healthcare
the loan is then repaid- the money goes back into the local community- benefitting the community
101
what could be a problem about microfinance loans?
if people stop donating to charities
102
what is the capital of Tunisia?
Tunis
103
what are 3 countries bordering Tunisia?
Morocco, Algeria and Libya
104
what is the body of water hugging Tunisia's coast?
the Mediterrean
105
what is the approximate population of Tunisia?
11.11 million
106
what are the main 3 languages spoken in Tunisia?
Arabic, French and Berber
107
is Tunisia a HIC, NEE or LIC?
NEE
108
what is the GDP per capita?
£3,872
109
what are the reasons for Tunisia's growth in tourism?
climate
links with Europe
history and culture
rise of cheap package holidays
the physical landscape
110
how is climate a reason for the growth of tourism in Tunisia?
Northerly coast has a Mediterranean climate- hot summers and mild winters
40c high temperatures in summer attract sun seekers from the UK
111
how are links with Europe a reason for the growth of tourism in Tunisia?
Tunisia is close to Sicily and easily accessible by low-cost airlines to mainland Europe
Tunisia is an ex-colony of France meaning many inhabitants speak French- appealing to many tourists
112
how is history and culture a reason for the growth of Tunisia's growth industry?
Tunisia hosts 7 UNESCO World Heritage Sites- ancient remains of Carthage and the Roman El-Jem amphitheatre
Star Wars was filmed in Tunisia- attracts fans
113
how is the rise of cheap- package holidays a reason for Tunisia's growth in tourism?
the Tunisian government worked with tourist operators like TUI to develop the country into a tourist destination with hotels, transport infrastructure and recreational activities like water sports
114
what are the positive impacts on development in Tunisia?
the 70's and 80's- n. of lodging facilities and bed capacity tripled- Tunisia is one of the fastest growing tourism economies in the world
increasing the productivity of the domestic agriculture sector to provide food supplies for European palates can increase women's status and income by increasing financial gains from farming
115
what are the negatives of development on Tunisia?
the expansion of this industry led to a migration of those from fishing into either a factory or hotel
Tunisia's beaches are the choice locations for packaged tourisms- has contributed to a disproportionate growth- the central and southern regions of the country are more developed
116
what are some environmental negative impacts of the development in the tourism industry?
building of roads and the expansion of hotels can alter the physical environment
problems of sewage treatment
hotels watering gardens, filling swimming pools when the supply is cut off sporadically in other parts of the city
117
what has benefitted as a result of Tunisia's economic growth?
life expectancy as diet and healthcare has improved
literacy rates have increased 13% from 66-79%
118
what is the industrial structure?
the relative proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary)
119
what is a NEE?
a country whose economy is growing rapidly because of the economic developments and reforms they are putting into place
120
what is a balanced economy?
where economic growth is sustainable and the economy is growing across different sectors
121
what are sectors of the economy?
the grouping of the different types of jobs into sectors- primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
122
what is economic development?
the process by which a nation improves the economic well-being of its people as measured by GDP
123
what is a Transnational Corporation (TNC)?
a large company that operates in several countries
124
what is industrial development?
the start of new industries or forms of employment in new places or the redevelopment of an old industrial location
125
what is the manufacturing industry?
industry and trade bases on the making, processing or preparation of products from raw materials
126
how has life expectancy in Nigeria changed over time?
has increased about 45 years due to Nigeria becoming more developed, therefore having better healthcare
127
how has income in Nigeria changed over time?
has also increased by 5 times due to the country becoming a NEE
128
what countries surround Nigeria?
Cameroon, Niger, Benin and Chad
129
what is Nigeria's global importance?
2.7% of the world's oil is supplied by Nigeria
130
what is Nigeria's global importance (economy)
by 2050. Nigeria's economy will be in the top 20 largest economies in the world
131
what is Nigeria's regional importance?
Nigeria often takes leadership roles- e.g. during the formation of the African Union
132
what is Nigeria's regional importance (Nollywood)?
Nollywood is the second largest in the world- after Bollywood and ahead of Hollywood
133
what is Nigeria's regional importance (economy)?
Nigeria is the largest economy in West Africa
134
what is the South of Nigeria like?
mangrove- grows on tropical coasts
freshwater swamp- grows inland in flooded areas
tropical rainforest- grows in hot, wet tropical climate
135
what is the North of Nigeria like?
Woodland and long grass savanna- grows in hot, tropical climate with a short dry season
short grass savanna- grows in hot, dry tropical climate with a short wet season
136
what land is Lagos in?
Yoruba Land
137
what parts are in the tropical rainforest part of Nigeria?
Igbo- Port Harcourt- lots of oil
138
what is a social aspect of Nigeria?
250 minority groups make up 1/3 of Nigeria's population, each with their own languages and traditions
139
what is a cultural aspect of Nigeria?
the Nigerian football team has won the African Cup of nations 3 times
140
what is an environmental aspect of Nigeria?
Nigeria's natural environments form a series of bands across the country, reflecting decreasing rainfall towards the north, towards the Sahel
141
what are the advantages of dispersion graphs?
shows the spread from the mean
very visual- gives a good indication of the data
142
what are the positives of a youthful population?
attract to TNC's
active and productive workforce- healthy and able to contribute to the economy
143
what are the negatives of a youthful population?
workforce need more help/ tutoring as they're less experienced
pressure on schooling
more competition for jobs due to lots of economically active people
144
when did Nigeria gain independance?
1960
145
what was the proportion of the people working in the different sectors in March 2022?
22% worked in agriculture, 21% worked in industry and 56% worked in services
146
where does over half of the country's GDP come from?
manufacturing and service industries
147
what are the fasting growing industries in Nigeria?
telecommunications- over 115 million mobile phone users
retail and wholesale- many informal businesses are now formal
Nollywood- it is the 3rd largest film industry
148
how much of the GDP does oil and gas account for?
14% of the GDP
95% of export earnings
149
where is most wealth and where is most poverty?
wealth is in the South near Victoria Islands
and most poverty is in the North and South-East
150
what is a cash crop?
a fast growing plant that is planted with the intention of selling them on the market to make profit
e.g. palm oil
151
what is a free trade zone?
a major urban industrial area which has already attracted manufacturers
152
what is the multiplier effect?
the positive spin- off effect that follows on from an initial investment in a region e.g. a new factory
153
what is sub-Sharan Africa's leading cement company?
Dangote Cement
154
what is Dangote Cement's production capacity?
48.6 million tonnes per year across 10 countries
155
what impact does Dangote Cement have on Nigeria?
adds interest in FDI's and encourages more TNC's to locate in Nigeria
increased the pace of economic development
increased formal jobs and investment
156
what is the price like for LIC's that receive primary goods?
often low
157
why are secondary goods valuable to a LIC?
they command a higher price- country can raise its GDP
158
what are some impacts of Nigeria's growth in manufacturing?
regular paid work gives people a secure income to improve their lives- the income for the governments taxes increase
many manufactured goods are available for people to buy
attracts foreign companies to establish and invest in Nigeria- creating more jobs
159
how many Nigerian people work in the oil industry?
10% of Nigerian people
160
what percentage of export revenues is oil?
90%
161
is Nigeria the largest export of oil in Africa?
yes
162
how much investments does oil production bring?
about a billion investments
163
how much oil does Nigerian companies provide for companies like Shell, Chevron and Texaco?
more than 1/5
164
who are the primary investors in the economy of Nigeria?
the US, UK Germany and China
165
what did China do in 2006?
gave one billion dollars to Nigeria for the development of railways
166
in the 2000's, how much money did Beijing invest into the development of the oil industry?
more than $4 billion
167
what was the money spent on that Beijing invested in?
the exploration of oil fields to improve the transport infrastructure, medicine and weapons for the Nigerian army
168
what did PetroChina Corporation sign in 2005 with Nigeria?
an agreement- stated that Nigeria would give 30,000 barrels of oil a day to China
169
how many TNC's are there in Nigeria?
40
170
what does Unilever have in Nigeria?
chemical and soap manufacturing plants in Nigeria
171
what do Unilever manufacture soap using?
Nigerian grown palm oil
172
how many people does Unilever employ in Nigeria?
1500
173
where does the palm oil come from in Unilever's manufacturing?
sustainable sources to protect the environment
174
why was Unilever voted the 2nd best company to work for in Nigeria in 2014?
the company has promoted improvement in healthcare, education and water supply- part of its social responsibility programme
175
what are the negatives of Shell Oil in Nigeria?
oil spills- caused water pollution and damaged the land- reducing agricultural and fishing yields
toxic fumes are polluting the air
militant groups disrupt the oil supply
oil theft is costing the government and TNC's billions of dollars a year
176
how much of Nigeria's total petroleum production does Shell's work produce?
21%
177
how many fields does Shell have in Nigeria?
more than 80
178
what is an environmental concern of Shell?
oil spills
179
what have TNC's and Shell been accused of in the past?
human rights abuse
Shell has been accused of crimes against the Ogoni people in the Niger Delta
180
what are the conditions like for workers in TNC's?
working for long hours (12+ hours) in poor conditions- factories (sweat shops)
employees in LIC'S might be paid much less than employees in HIC's for doing higher intensity work
181
what charity does Shell have in Nigeria?
the Shell foundation- to help sustainability and biodiversity and help local communities
182
how much money has Shell spent in LIC's?
$12 billion
183
how much money did Shell pay in corporation tax in 2013?
£20 billion
184
advantages of TNC's (like Shell) in Nigeria?
increased wealth and rapid boost in GDP per person- from $300 in 2000 to $3000 in 2017
provide new technology
stimulates development- multiplier effect- Shell oil refinery uses local companies to provide services and goods to run it- creating more jobs
charities that help people e.g. Shell Foundation- helps sustainability and biodiversity in local communities
185
what are the disadvantages of TNC's in Nigeria?
environmental damage- Shell has had 500 million gallons of oil spilt
Ogoni people remain poor despite their land used for oil extraction and being polluted by oil spills
leakage of profits- more profit goes back to HQ in HIC's
TNC's can withdraw investment with no warning
TNC's have power over the government
186
what links does Nigeria have with China?
China will give $12 billion to construct a new 1,400 km railway
187
where are most of Nigeria's imports from?
refined petroleum products from the EU and the USA
cars from Brazil
mobile phones from China and staple foods e.g. rice and wheat
188
where are most of Nigeria's exports from?
almost 50% of Nigeria's exports are to the EU- crude oil, natural gas, cocoa, cotton and rubber
most of Nigeria's crude oil is exported to India, China, Japan and South Korea
30% of Nigeria's cotton is exported to Australia and 15% to Indonesia
cocoa is exported to Barbados
189
what is Nigeria's national importance/role?
plays a leading political role within Africa in terms of economic planning through the African Union and peacekeeping as part of the United Nations
190
what are Nigeria's links with China like?
Nigeria benefits from increased investment e.g. $12 billion to construct a new 1,400 km railway
191
what trading groups is Nigeria part of?
Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS), a trading alliance with its headquarters in Abuja and the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
192
what did China invest in Nigeria?
$10 billion in exploration and drilling of a new oilfields
193
why might Nigeria need aid?
to pay back loans- in debt- Nigeria is trapped in debt from the British colonies
terrorism
famine
diseases- healthcare
194
what is the definition of aid?
the help given to the donor country to the recipient country- can be in the form of money, grants or loans, equipment, goods, people (e.g. teachers, nurses, technology or expertise)
195
what is bilateral/ conditional/ tied aid?
aid given to the donor country to the recipient country but with conditions attached e.g. tying the recipient country into buying the exports of the donor country
196
what is multilateral aid?
money given by donor countries to organisations such as the World Bank or the United Nations who then distribute it to recipient countries
197
what is long term/ development aid?
aid given over many years to help a country develop politically, economically, socially and environmentally
198
what is short term/ emergency aid?
aid which lasts a short term- usually in response to an emergency, such as a natural disaster e.g. earthquake, volcanic eruption, famine and flood
199
what is top-down/ large scale aid?
money given by a donor country to a recipient country to spend on big projects such as building a river development scheme or a new railway line
200
what is bottom-up/ small scale aid?
money given by a donor organisation such as a charity to a local community organisation to spend on small projects such as building a new well or installing solar panels
201
what is a donor country?
the country giving the aid to the recipient country
202
what is the recipient country?
the country that receives the aid from the donor country
203
how much of Nigeria's population live below 63p a day?
60%
204
why is aid not always used effectively in Nigeria?
corruption in the government and individuals means aid is lost or not given to the right people
there have been claims that aid money has been used to supply the navy
donors of aid may have political influence over who does and does not benefit- they may use donations to promote themselves
205
how does Nigeria benefit from aid?
Nets for Life project- provides education on Malaria and gives mosquito nets to households to prevent the spread of the disease
World Bank funded loans to businesses to help diversify the economy away from being dependent on oil so that new businesses and industries are developed
UK government has funded health and HIV programmes providing health and education in rural areas- help to protect people against infection in the future and help them to work and improve their own lives
206
UN short term aid includes....
food- UN World Food Programme has supplied emergency food to over 400,000 people in Northern Nigeria who are facing starvation as farmers were unable to sow their crops due to the conflict
207
UK bilateral/ long term aid includes...
gives £300 million in aid to Nigeria every year
Health- £100 million spent on: training more skilled health personnel to deliver babies in Northern Nigeria
10 million malaria nets issued to reduce disease
Nigeria had one of the highest death rates from Malaria in the world
water and sanitation- £7 million spent on 5.5 million more people using safe water and proper toilets- reducing disease
208
China bilateral aid includes....
weapons- supplied arms equipment to the Nigerian army
in return, Nigeria has to import cheap Chinese goods but many are unhappy about the import of these low price, often shoddily made goods as they have provided unfair competition to Nigerian businesses and also some electrical goods have caused fires
infrastructure- China provided Nigeria with an $11 billion TIED loan to improve its railway networks- in return, Nigeria supplied PetroChina with 30,000 barrels of oil a day
209
example of top down/ large scale aid?
World Bank- provided $560 million to build a large-scale irrigation and drainage scheme in North-East Nigeria in the Upper Benue river basin
Dadin Kowa Dam- built across the Gongola River to form a reservoir which will provide irrigation water for farming
improve the lives of the people of the region by increasing food production, providing flood protection and by improving resources for agriculture, fishing and forestry
210
what are the negatives of the top down/ large scale aid?
dams can have negative impacts on people downstream
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what is an example of bottom up/ small scale aid?
Oxfam GB- member of Oxfam international- a NGO
working with Nigeria to help small-scale farmers improve their productivity so that there is more food available for the growing population
help prevent volatile changes in food prices which hit the poor particularly hard
help female farmers become community leaders- they are empowered and their voices are heard
improve the resilience of small scale farmers and pastoralists in times of national disasters, emergencies and climate change
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what is an example of short term/ emergency aid?
2017- 2 UN agencies are working in North- East Nigeria to help the people affected by the conflict between the Nigerian government and the terrorist group Boko Haram UN can provide emergency help in places where some individual donor countries might not be welcome
rainy season- hard for the supplies of food and medicine to reach the stricken people who are clustered near Maiduguri, the Borno state capital
UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) has been helping the people who fled to Cameroon for safety- when the conflict broke out, who are now returning home, only to find their homes destroyed
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what are the negative impacts of the short term/ emergency aid?
difficult to distribute aid in a way where everyone will be helped
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what are the social aims of long term/ development aid?
improve the health of
