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Echo > Chamber / Function / M mode > Flashcards

Chamber / Function / M mode Flashcards

1
Q

Linear method calculation of LV mass

A

1.04 x [(IVS + LVID + PWT)^3 - LVID^3] -13.6

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2
Q

Normal LV mass index

A

Women <= 95 g/m2

Men <= 115 g/m2

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3
Q

Relative wall thickness calc

A

(2xPWTd) / LVIDd

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4
Q

Normal relative wall thickness

A

<= 0.42

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5
Q

Concentric Remodeling

A

Normal LV mass index

Increased RWT

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6
Q

Eccentric hypertrophy

A

High LV mass index

Normal RWT

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7
Q

Concentric hypertrophy

A

High LV mass index

High RWT

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8
Q

Fractional Shortening for EF

A

(LVEDD - LVESD) / LVEDD

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9
Q

Normal FS

A 
>= 18% 2D
>= 25% M-mode
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10
Q

Quinones Equation for EF

A

EF = (LVEDD^2 - LVESD^2) / LVEDD^2 + (Apical factor)

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11
Q

Apical factor

A 
Normal +10%
Hypok +5%
Akinetic +0%
Dyskinetic -5%
Aneurysm -10%
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12
Q

Volumetric EF

A

EF = (EDV - ESV) / EDV

Recommended method

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13
Q

Stroke volume

A

EDV - ESV

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14
Q

Long axis walls

A

Anterior septum

Inferior lateral

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15
Q

Two chamber walls

A

Anterior wall

Inferior wall

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16
Q

Four chamber walls

A

Inferior septum

Anterior lateral wall

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17
Q

LAD walls

A

Anterior wall
Anterior septum
Most of apex

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18
Q

RCA walls

A

Inferior wall

Inferior septum

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19
Q

Lcx walls

A

+/- Anterior lateral

+/- Inferior lateral

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20
Q

Wall motion score index

A 
1 = Normal
2 = Hypo
3 = Akinetic
4 = Dyskinetic / aneurysmal
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21
Q

SAM septal contact

A

Duration of sam-septal contact / time from onset of systole to onset of sam-septal contact

Correlates with peak LVOT gradient

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22
Q

MVP M-Mode

A

Systolic bowing of leaflet tips >= 3mm below C-D line

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23
Q

TV leaflets on 4 chamber view

A

Septal and anterior

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24
Q

Assumed LV geometry for LV mass and volume calculations

A

Ellipsoid

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25
Q

Systolic function parameter independent of preload

A

End-systolic volume

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26
Q

Soft first heart sound

A

1st degree AVB

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27
Q

Linear dimension measurement method

A

Tissue-blood interface

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28
Q

LV vol versus angiography

A

Smaller

29
Q

Paradoxical septal motion definition

A

Early systolic rightward motion

30
Q

Paradoxical septal motion causes

A

RV volume overload
LBBB / RV pacing
Post-cardiac surgery

31
Q

Pseudodyskinesis def

A

Diastolic flattening of the inferior / inferolateral wall

32
Q

Pseudodyskinesis cause

A

Abdominal process such as liver disease

33
Q

LV dimensions measurement level

A

At or immediately below level of tips of mitral leaflets in parasternal long axis

34
Q

M mode with early mitral valve closure

A

Acute severe AR

35
Q

PW doppler PV mid-systolic notch

A

Severe pulmonary artery hypertension

36
Q

M mode of PV in PAH

A

Absent a wave
Prolongation of preejection period
mid-systolic notching (flying W sign)

37
Q

B bump

A

M mode with bump after A wave of MV

LVEDP elevated

38
Q

M mode sub aortic membrane

A

Abrupt, very early posterior motion of right cusp of aortic valve

39
Q

M mode left atrial myxoma

A

Tumor appears as mass of echoes behind mitral valve during diastole

40
Q

M-mode LVOT dynamic obstruction

A

Mid-systolic closure of AV

41
Q

M-mode PPM

A

Early downward septal motion
Significant delay
Peak upward motion of posterior wall

42
Q

M mode rheumatic MS

A

Reduced E-F slope
Prominent early diastolic dip
Paradoxical anterior motion of septum in systole

43
Q

M-mode constriction

A

Septal shudder in early diastole

Flattening of posteiror wall in diastole

44
Q

M-mode preexcitation

A

Inward movement of posterior wall prior to septum

45
Q

Left atrial measurement

A

End of LV systole

Dedicated LA images

46
Q

Tracing left atrium exclude

A

PVs

LAA

47
Q

Tracing LA AV interface

A

Mitral annulus plane

48
Q

Limitation of 3D LA volume

A

Lack of standardized methodology

49
Q

RA volume views

A

4 chamber view by gender, index by BSA

50
Q

Normal RA volume men

A

25 +/- 7

51
Q

Normal RA volume women

A

20.5 +/- 6

52
Q

Measuring AV annulus diameter

A

Calcium protuberances considered part of lumen
Calcium affects accuracy
PLAX view, mid-systole
Approximates minor axis of elliptical aortic annulus

53
Q

IVC in athletes

A

May be dilated with normal collapse

54
Q

Views for RV function

A 
Modified apical 4
RV focused apical 4
Left parasternal long and short
Left parasternal RV inflow
Subcostal
55
Q

RV EF metho

A

Use 3D

56
Q

RV EF normal

A

> 45

57
Q

Limitations for 3D RV EF

A 
Significant TR
Post-op state with paradoxical septal motion
Very large ventricle
Poor windows
Irregular rhythm
58
Q

Normal RV dimension at base

A

<= 41mm

59
Q

Normal RV dimension at mid-level

A

<= 35mm

60
Q

Normal RV Sā€™

A

> = 9.5

61
Q

Normal TAPSE

A

> = 17 mm

62
Q

Fractional shortening of LV not reliable when

A

Regional wall motion abnormalities

63
Q

Assessment of contractility

A

Systolic strain rate

64
Q

Wall stress proportionate to

A

Transmural pressure

Chamber size

65
Q

Wall stress inversely proportionate to

A

Wall thickness

66
Q

Quantification of wall motion abnormality

A

Thickening <50%, excursion <5mm

67
Q

95% CI for EF

A

+/- 11%

68
Q

95% CI for LV mass

A

+/- 60g

69
Q

Hemodynamic condition with worse strain

A

Decreased preload

Echo (30 decks)

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