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Echo > Artifacts > Flashcards

Artifacts Flashcards

1
Q

Reflection

A

Sounds ave strikes specular interface, rebounds off

Angle of incidence = angle of reflection

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2
Q

Refraction / ghost image artifact cause

A

Sound wave bents as it passes through tissue with different sound velocity
Machine assumes straight line
Requires oblique incidence

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3
Q

Refraction / ghost image artifact appearance

A

Structures misplaced laterally

Side by side double image

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4
Q

Fixing refraction/ghost image

A

Angulation change

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5
Q

Scatter

A

Waves scatter in many directions off small or rough objects

Higher frequency = increased scatter

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6
Q

Reverberation artifact / multi path reflection artifact

A

Multiple, equal spaced echoes caused by wave bouncing between 2 strong reflects parallel to main beam
May look like rungs of a latter
Parallel to sound beam

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7
Q

Fixing reverberation artifact

A

Angulation change

Contrast and color go through

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8
Q

Comet tail artifact / ring down artifact

A

Closely spaced reverberations merge, causes single hyper echoic line
Parallel to main sound beam

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9
Q

Near field reflection artifact cause

A

Strong acoustic signals close to transducer
Return signal reflected back off transducer, creates additional images
i.e. artifact at apex

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10
Q

Near field reflection artifact fix

A

Contrast

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11
Q

Shadow artifact cause

A

Hypoechoic / anechoic region below a structure causes strong attenuation
Reduction in strength of returning echo caused by intervening structure
Prevents display of true anatomic structures

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12
Q

Shadow artifact fix

A

Change angle

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13
Q

Enhancement artifact

A

Hyperechoic region below tissue with low attenuation

Opposite of shadowing

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14
Q

Multipath duplication / mirror image artifact cause

A

Sound hits reflector and returns to transducer

Some of reflection bounces back at an angle and takes longer to come back, creating a separate deeper structure

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15
Q

Multipath duplication / mirror image appearance

A

Appears as replica of true reflector (artifact always deeper)
Color is fooled

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16
Q

Resolution artifact

A

2 reflectors that are closely spaced together appear as one

17
Q

Axial / longitudinal resolution

A

Differentiating objects parallel to or along long axis

Better with higher frequency

18
Q

Lateral resolution

A

Differentiating structures perpendicular to beam

Beam width is key

19
Q

Stitch artifact

A

3D image made by stitching together multiple cardiac cycles

20
Q

Velocity error artifact

A

Sound propagates through some structures at velocity other than 1540 m/s

21
Q

Lobe artifact cause

A

Strong reflector outside main beam may generate echoes detected by transducer

22
Q

Lobe artifact appearance

A

Misplaced echoes displayed as having originated within main beam
May overlap with normal structure

23
Q

Range ambiguity artifact appearance

A

Distal structure appears to float over cardiac structures, doesn’t move with them

24
Q

Range ambiguity cause

A

Structure distal to image with echoes returning from a different pulse

25
Q

Fixing range ambiguity

A

Increase depth or alter transducer position

26
Q

Linear artifact in ascending aorta

A

Reverberation
More common when aortic diameter > LA diameter
Moves with posterior aortic wall

27
Q

Beam width artifact / slice thickness artifact

A

Occur distal to focal zone where lateral resolution is worst

Lateral resolution degraded, may have alteration in size or shape of a structure

28
Q

Improving beam width artifact

A

Focusing

29
Q

PRF as imaging depth increases

A

PRF decreases

30
Q

Avoiding range ambiguity artifact

A

PRF is reduced when scanning deeper structrues

31
Q

Spectral doppler mirror-image artifact

A

Symmetric spectral images on opposite side of baseline from true signal created

32
Q

Reducing spectral doppler mirror-image artifact

A

Decrease power output or gain

Optimize angle between beam and doppler flow

33
Q

Distinguish LV thrombus from artifact

A

Increase frequency
Decrease depth
Using multiple views
Use contrast

34
Q

Mirror image structure locations

A

Structure located in front of highly reflective surface

35
Q

Near field clutter artifact

A

High amplitude oscillations of piezoelectric elements

Affects near field of US beam

36
Q

Eliminating near field clutter artifact

A 
Higher frequency
Decreasing depth
Changing views
Contrast
Harmonic imaging
37
Q

Figure of 8 artifact

A

From atrial septal occluder device

Looks like 8 in LA

38
Q

Shielding artifact

A

White echoes

Bright beam of ultrasound artifact that obscures visualization beyond that point

39
Q

Ghosting

A

Color doppler distorted beyond anatomic borders due to multiple reflections

Echo (30 decks)

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