CH.8-Consumers Flashcards
What is a consumer?
Organism that feeds on other organisms
All consumers are ___ since their carbon source is organic molecules
Heterotrophic
What are eukaryotic consumers made up off?
All animals, single-celled protists (ciliates, amoebas)
Are bacteria that aren’t parasitic to a host or don’t have symbiotic relationship with a host considered a consumer?
NO - need to have host
What are zooplankton? Are they heterotrophic or autotrophic?
Small eukaryotic consumers - Heterotrophic (dont make own food)
Are phytoplankton heterotrophic?
No autotrophic - make own food through photosynthesis
Kingdom Animalia: 3 characteristics shared by ALL ANIMALS + Additional characteristics
1) Eukaryotic cells w/o cell walls
2) Multicellular
3) Heterotrophic
4) Specialized tissues
5) Motility
What are the animal consumer classifications?
1) Herbivores (primary)
2) Carnivores
3) Omnivores
Phylogenetic Tree of major animal phyla and name
1) Chordata: Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
2) Echinodermata: Starfish
3) Arthropoda: Insects, spiders, crustaceans
4) Nematoda: Roundworms (NO SEGMENTATION)
5) Annelida: Segmented worms
6) Mollusca: Snail, claims, molluscs
7) Platyhelminthes: Flatworms
8) Cnidaria: Jellyfish, corals
9) Sponges (been around longest)
What is common ancestor to all animals?
Choanoflagellates
How to characterise animals? explain
1) Symmetry
2) Mode of food ingestion
3) Mechanism of exchanging substances between environment and organism’s cell
4) Ability to sense stimuli+respond
5) Mode reproduction
What are the types of symmetry?
asymmetrical, radial, bilateral
What are the modes of food ingestion?
1) Intracellular:
- Food vacuoles by phagocytosis
- Food ingested withing cells
- Porifera digest like this
2) Extracellular
- SIMPLE GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY: Breakdown food outside cells out gastrovascular cavity
- COMPLEX DIGESTIVE TRACT: 2 openings (mouth + anus) w/ different organs (worms, chordates)
What is open circulatory system?
Hemolymph (blood) pumped out of heart through vessels to body tissues ==> exchange
Hemolymph back to heart through pores (ostia) –> Arthropods, molluscs
What are the 2 mechanisms of exchanging substances between environment and organism’s cell
1) Simple diffusion of substances across all cell membranes:
Animals who don’t have circulatory systems + live in aquatic habitats (sponges, jellyfis) ==> Ties then to aquatic habitat bc limits size of tissue
2) Circulatory system:
System of vessels that carry nutrients, water, oxygen to all cells and takes waste/CO2 away ==> Driven by heart: Open + Closed circulatory system
What is closed circulatory system?
Blood flows through continuous circuit of vessels to and from heart
What are the forms of ability to sense stimuli and respond?
1) Simple nerve net: Most primitive
Nerves dispersed, many points of contact
2) Centralized nervous system: Concentrations of nerve cells = Nerve cord ==> Animals w/ bilateral symmetry
3) Cephalization: Concentration of nerve cells in brain that directs the nervous system ==> Organs evolved from this ==> All animals w/ bilateral symmetry
T or F: Porifera have nerve cells and can send electrical signals like other animal groups
False
What are the modes of reproduction?
1) Sexual reproduction w/ external fertilization: Adaptation for aquatic environment ==> Sperm + Eggs released into water = relies on currents (overproduction)
2) Sexual reproduction w/ internal fertilization:
Sperm deposited directly withing female reproductive tract (no risk of gametes drying up = more efficient in terrestrial environ.)
What are amniotes?
Group of animals that evolved form common ancestor that produced amniotic eggs
Why are eggs an evolutionary innovation?
Embryos can develop on land in fluid filled sac
What is the fluid in which the embryo is bathed in?
Amniotic fluid
3 modes of embryonic development?
1) Develop in physical environment (reptiles, birds, monotremes like platypus):
Shell protects form dehydration, vulnerable to changing environment
2) Marsupial mammals (undeveloped and mature in external pouch of mother):
Premature young ==> Go in mother pouch to complete development (milk in there)
3) Placental mammals (mature inside mother uterus):
Embryo’s blood pass through umbilical cord into placenta (exchange gas) ==> No blood mixing
What are characteristics shared by ALL chordata during some point of development?
- Notochord
Cartilagenous rod (part of vertebral column in vertebrates) ==> Supports body and nerve chord - Dorsal hollow nerve chord
Develops into central nervous system (brain and spinal cord in vertebrates) - Pharyngeal Slits
Become gills in aquatic vertebrates and parts of ear, and neck in terrestrial vertebrates. - Muscular Post-Anal Tail
Sometimes much reduced during embryonic development
Chordata move to land: Vertebrae protecting what?
Nerve chord
Lancelets and tunicates lack ___
Jaws and vertebrae
Hagfish are the most __ vertebrates with no ___ and ____
Basal - jaws - vertebrae
Lampreys are jawless but have ____
Cartilaginous vertebrae
Move to land adaptations: Jaws and mineralized skeleton why?
To support body weight out of water
Move to land: Gills to lungs
What did most fish have?
Swim bladder to help control buoyancy - gas exchange (origin of lungs)
Move to land: Fins to limbs with digits
The lobed finned fish transition from fins to limbs why?
Support weight and push themselves forward
Amphibians: Transitional ___ that live in ___ and on ___
Vertebrates - water - land
Amphibians: Skins must always remain dry for gas exchange. T or F
False - must always be wet
Reptiles and birds: Are no longer tied to water?
Yes
Reptiles and birds: Do they have internal or external fertilization?
Internal
Reptiles and birds: Do they produce amniotic eggs?
Yes
Reptiles and birds: Do they have better lungs than amphibians?
Yes
Reptiles have thick scaly skin that is resistant to ___ that is called ___ that rely on ___ sources of body heat
drying out - ectotherms - external
Birds that scaly skin, feathers and wings, and bones hollow for flying. These are ____ maintaining internal body temperature that make them more active.
Endotherms
Mammals have fur/hair and production of milk to ___
Nourish young
