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Ecology and evolution > CH.6-Origin of Life/Earth's Geological History > Flashcards

CH.6-Origin of Life/Earth's Geological History Flashcards

1
Q

Did Earth’s prebiotic atmosphere have oxygen?

A

No

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2
Q

What was Earth’s prebiotic atmosphere composed of?

A

CO2
Water vapour
Nitrogen gas (N2)
Methane (CH4)
Ammonia (NH3)
Hydrogen gas (H2)
Carbon monoxide CO
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

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3
Q

Did Earth’s prebiotic atmosphere have an ozone layer?

A

No

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4
Q

T or F: Earth’s atmosphere today has ozone layer

A

True

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5
Q

What are the steps that may have led to origin of first simple unicellular organisms?

A

1) Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules (monomers) ==> Amino acids, nucleotides
2) Creation of macromolecules (polymers) from monomers ==> Proteins, nucleic acids
3) Packaging macromolecules into lipid membranes (protocells)
4) Self-replicating molecules within protocells

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6
Q

What is the Primordial Soup Hypothesis and who made it? What were the requirements?

A

By Oparin and Haldane - Conditions on Earth were good for formation of small organic molecules IF AND ONLY IF:
1) No O2 available to create reducing environ. to promote addition of electrons to form larger molecules
2) Source of E
3) Chemical building blocks: water, ions, dissolved gases

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7
Q

What experiment performed to test Primordial Soup? Successful? Why?

A

Miller and Urey - Yes, bc simple organic molecules were formed (amino acids)

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8
Q

Since Oparin & Haldane:

A

1) Volcanic-atmosphere hypothesis
2) Meteors transporting organic molecules from space
3) Deep sea hydrothermal vents

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9
Q

T or F: Polymers from Monomers - Polymers will form w/o help from enzymes if temp is high enough for rx

A

True

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10
Q

Packaging organic polymers into protocells: What are vesicles

A

Simple lipid membranes

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11
Q

Packaging organic polymers into protocells: Simple lipid membranes (___) may have formed around _____. This would have created the ____

A

vesicles - organic polymers - first intracellular environment

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12
Q

T or F: Living organisms don’t need to be able to replicate themselves

A

False

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13
Q

What was most likely encoded as RNA in first living organisms?

A

Genetic info

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14
Q

RNA is key to synthesis of…

A

Proteins

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15
Q

Can some RNA molecules perform enzymatic fcts?

A

Yes

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16
Q

As RNA sequences become longer, they become less ___

A

Stable

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17
Q

RNA is more stable than DNA?

A

No. DNA is more stable

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18
Q

Order in chronological order:
a) First prokaryotes (single-celled)
b) First multicellular eukaryotes
c) Cambrian explosion (increase in diversity)
d) Colonization of land by fungi, plants, animals
e) First eukaryotes (single-celled)

A

a) First prokaryotes (single-celled)
b) First eukaryotes (single-celled)
c) First multicellular eukaryotes
d) Cambrian explosion (increase in diversity)
e) Colonization of land by fungi, plants, animals

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19
Q

Name Energy source and carbon source for:
1) PhotoAUTOTROPH
2) ChemoAUTROTROPH
3) PhotoHETEROTROPH
4) ChemoHETEROTROPH

A

1) PhotoAUTOTROPH =
Light (energy), CO2 and HCO3- (carbon)
2) ChemoAUTROTROPH =
Inorganic chems (H2S, NH3), CO2 and HCO3-
3) PhotoHETEROTROPH =
Light, Organic compounds
4) ChemoHETEROTROPH =
Organic compounds, organic compounds

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20
Q

Oldest known fossils of living organisms are: prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

Prokaryotic

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21
Q

What is the oldest known fossils of living organisms? Were they prokaryotic?

A

Stromatolites (formed by ancestor of cyanobateria) - prokaryotic

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22
Q

What are the cause of modern-day stromatolites?

A

Cyanobacteria

23
Q

In the proposed biological timeline, what took up most of it? How does it compare to humans?

A

Prokaryotes - Humans were small portion

24
Q

First living organisms?

A

Prokaryotes

25
Q

T or F: The 1st prokaryotes were all autotrophic and their first source of carbon was organic

A

False, first source of carbon was INORGANIC

26
Q

Oxygen levels increased bc of:

A

Photoautotrophic prokaryotes

27
Q

The presence of ___ in the atmos allowed for evolution of single celled aquatic ____

A

Oxygen - eukaryotes

28
Q

Single celled eukaryotes evolved from ___

A

prokaryotic ancestor

29
Q

Mitochondria are found in all ___ cells

A

eukaryotic

30
Q

Mitochondria have double membrane: name them

A

Smooth outer
Complex inner

31
Q

T or F: Mitochondria don’t have their own DNA and ribosomes

A

False

32
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Cellular respiration

33
Q

How does mitochondria perform cellular respiration?

A

1) Use E from glucose, fatty acids, amino acids
2) Make adenosine triphosphate ATP

34
Q

Are chloroplasts in all eukaryotic cells?

A

No, in plants and some protists (algae)

35
Q

T or F: Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have 2x membrane and own DNA and ribosomes

A

True

36
Q

What pigment is chloroplast? Where is it found?

A

Chlorophyll found in internal structures “Thylakoids”

37
Q

Function of chloroplast and how

A

Photosynthesis - Transform light E into bond E forming glucose molecules

38
Q

What is Endosymbiont Theory? What does it prove?

A

Cell living withing another cell - Proves that Mitochondria & Chloroplasts (organelles in euk cells) have OWN DNA AND RIBOSOMES different from ones in cytoplasm

39
Q

Endosymbiont Theory proved that it occured 2 times: what are they?

A

1) Bacterium that could perform aerobic cellular respiration (became euk mitochondria)
2) Bacterium could perform photosynthesis (became euk chloroplasts)

40
Q

The additions in mitochondria and chloroplasts are 2 distinct ___ gene transfer

A

Horizontal

41
Q

What is the oldest known fossil of multicellular eukaryotes?

A

Red algae

42
Q

Choose and fill in blank: The first animals were aquatic/inaquatic invertebrates similar to ___ modern day ___

A

Aquatic - sponges

43
Q

What made the diversity of aquatic animals increase?

A

Cambrian explosion

44
Q

Majority of life was in ___ habitats

A

water/moist

45
Q

What helped liv. orgs. colonize land?

A

1) Formation of ozone layer (reduce UV radiation)
2) Evolution of traits to reduce reliance of water

46
Q

What is the sequence of events?

A

1) Prokaryotes
2) Atmospheric oxygen
3) Single-celled eukaryotes
4) Multicellular eukaryotes
5) Animals
6) Land plants
7) Paleozoic
8) Mesozoic
9) Cenozoic
10) Humans

47
Q

Land plants are before animals. T or F

A

False - animals then plants

48
Q

Order: Cenozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic

A

1) Paleozoic
2) Mesozoic
3) Cenozoic

49
Q

We can examine genetic diversity at many levels: Population, ___, and 3 domains: __, __, ___

A

species - Archaea, bacteria, eukarya

50
Q

Which are autotrophic organisms: Producers, consumers or decomposers

A

producers

51
Q

Which are heterotrophic organisms: Producers, consumers or decomposers

A

Consumers & decomposers

52
Q

Producers, consumers or decomposers: Make up the base of a food web by synthesizing organic molecules from which all other organisms will depend upon (O2 and organic mutriends for consumers AND organic nutrients for decomposers)

A

Producers

53
Q

Producers, consumers or decomposers: Must ingest producers/consumers to acquire carbon and energy

A

Consumers

54
Q

Producers, consumers or decomposers: Digest organic molecules left by living organisms and absorb the breakdown products to acquire carbon and energy

A

Decomposers

Ecology and evolution (10 decks)

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