CH.2-Connectivity/diversity of life Flashcards
What is acellular?
Not made of cells
What are viruses?
Microscopic acellular infectious agents/particles
Why do viruses need hosts?
For energy and building blocks to reproduce
Viruses have an organized structure made of what?
Macromolecules
All viruses have —- that enclose —- or —-
protein capsules - DNA - RNA
True or false? Many human viruses are not enclosed in a lipid membrane
False. They are enclosed in a lipid membrane
What allows viruses to evolve over time?
Genetic material (DNA or RNA) that encodes structure and can cause mutations. ==> Cause variants
Which cell do viruses use to replicate themselves?
Host cells
Viruses bind to —— ——- on the host’s cells’ surface
specific receptors
The —- —– —- gets inserted into the host cell’s DNA
viral genetic material
—– take over command of cell –> forces cell to make more copies of virus.
Viral genes
What are the 3 types of interactions in an ecosystem?
1) Between individuals of same species
2) Between individuals of different species
3) Interactions with physical environment
What level are interactions between indiv of same species? What do they fight for?
Population level. Resources, mates, cooperation
What level are interactions between indiv of dif species? What’s the competition?
Community level. Competition for food, resources, predation, herbivory
What level are interactions with physical environment? What are they?
Ecosystem level. Weather conditions, water, territory.
Ecosystem energy flow:
What are producers?
Convert light into energy into chemical energy
Ecosystem energy flow:
What are consumers?
Eat chemical energy from producers and/or other consumers
Ecosystem energy flow:
What are decomposers?
Obtain energy from absorption or organic molecules from dead organisms
Nutrient cycling in ecosystem:
What is physical environment?
Reservoir water, nutrients
Nutrient cycling in ecosystem:
What are producers?
Assimilates nutrients form phys env and use to grow
Nutrient cycling in ecosystem:
What are consumers?
Ingest nutrients from producers and/or other producers to grow
Nutrient cycling in ecosystem:
What are decomposers?
Breakdown complex organic molecules into simpler inorganic forms
Do all cells contain DNA?
Yes
What are genes?
Specific segments of DNA. Each gene has instructions to make proteins that are responsible for traits
Is DNA passed down from generation to generation?
Yes
The genes dictate —-
our traits
What is genetic engineering?
Genes of species that is inserted into DNA of another
What is vertical descent with mutation?
Traditional view of evolution by Darwin: New species evolve from pre-existing species. Good traits are passed down form one gen to another
The instructions in gene are written in —- of — bases
Code - nucleotide
When a cell divides, a — needs to be made. If error, it is called —-
copy - mutation
What is natural selection?
A trait that allows the organism to survive better –> Will become prevalent over time
What is horizontal gene transfer? During how many generations does it last?
Evolution through exchange of genes between 2 different species. 1 generations (lifetime of the organism)
Is horizontal gene transfer common with unicellular cells?
Yes
If genetic material is transferred in a skin cell, can it be passed down?
No, would have to put in reproductive cells. That’s why horizontal gene transfer is easier with unicellular cells
Why is diversity important?
Gives stability by making us better at coping with changes in environment
Population genetically diverse or common is better at surviving in change?
Diverse
What is taxonomy?
Classification of the diversity of life
What system does taxonomy use?
Hierarchical system by broad and specific grouping
What are the 8 levels of classification? (Dumb Kings Play Chess On Fine Grain Sang)
1) Domain
2) Kingdom
3) Phylum
4) Class
5) Order
6) Family
7) Genus
8) Species
What are the 3 types of domains? And characteristics (type of cell, where they live)
1) Bacteria - prokaryotic unicellular (diversity of environments)
2) Archaea - prokaryotic unicellular (extreme environments)
3) Eukarya - eukaryotic unicellular and multicellular (diversity of environments)
What are the kingdoms of the domain eukarya?
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists
