CH.7-Producers Flashcards
What makes a living organism a producer?
Ability to PRODUCE ORGANIC COMPOUDNS (glucose…) from CO2
What is carbon fixation?
Produce organic compounds from CO2
Producers form the base of all food chains?
Yes
Are all producers autotrophic?
Yes
Are photosynthetic prokaryotes photoautotrophic?
Yes
Certain prokaryotes are chemoautotrophic?
Yes
Certain aquatic prokaryotes are photoheterotrophs
Yes
Many prokaryotes are chemoheterotrophs (protis, fungi, animals, plants)
Yes
Equation for photosynthesis:
6CO₂+6H₂O –> C₆H₁₂O₆ (sugar) + 6O₂
Equation for Chemosynthesis:
3H₂S+ 6CO₂+6H₂O + –> C₆H₁₂O₆ (sugar) + 3H₂SO₄
Phytoplankton are ___ such as ___
Small aquatic producers - cyanobacteria and many photoautotrophic protists like algae
Producers remove substantial amounts of ___
CO2
What are the 3 domains producers are found in?
Eukaryotic, archaean, bacterial
Characteristic of diatoms:
1) Unicellular
2) Brown/yellow pigment
3) Silica cell wall
4) Some have oils that help float
What is carbon sink?
Accumulation dead diatoms on ocean floor as decomposers can’t access organic molecules
What is the Bioremediation Idea?
Using diatoms to reduce CO2 levels in atmos
Green algae is believed to have shared ancestor with land plants: T or F
True
Characteristics green algae
1) Green photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll) in chloroplasts
2) Cellulose cell wall
3) Store E in starch
Characteristic red algae:
1) Multicellular (not as large as brown algae)
2) Most abundant in warm waters
3) Red photosynthetic pigment mask green (can absorb blue/green light, to thrive in deep water)
4) Human consumption - Nori
5) Agar extract
Characteristic brown algae:
1) Largest most complex
2) Multicellular
3) Kelp forests in deep waters
4) Human consumption, gel for thickening
What are the terrestrial producers?
Bryophytes - Gymnosperms - Seedless Vascular Plants - Angiosperms
Homologies in green algae and plants:
1) Photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll
2) Carbohydrates as starch
3) Cell of cellulose
Name bryophytes
moss, hornworts, liverworts
Name Seedless vascular plants
ferns, horsetails
Name gymnosperms
conifers, cycads, ginkos
Name angiosperms
Floweing plants
What are adaptation for terrestrial environment
1) Waxy cuticle
2) Stomata
3) Vascular tissue
4) Pollen/seeds
5) Fruits to protect seeds
Bryophytes: characteristics and adaptation
Primitive Characteristics:
1) No true tissue
2) No vascular system
3) Small height (<5cm)
4) Require a moist environment
5) Motile sperm require water to reach eggs
6) Produce spores
Adaptations: Waxy cuticle (prevents water loss) + stomata (gas exchange, regulate water loss)
Characteristics and adaptations: Seedless vascular plants
Primitive Characteristics:
1) Motile sperm require water for fertilization.
2) Produce spores
Adaptations:
1)Vascular tissue: Xylem (transports water minerals from roots to rest of plant) + Phloem (transports water organic nutrients from photosynthetic tissues to rest of plant)
2) True tissue
Adaptation for land: Gymnosperms
New adaptations for land:
1) Sperm contained in pollen grains
2) Seeds instead of spores: Seeds have
- Multicellular embryo
- Food supplu
- Coat for protection
3) Not dependent on water for reproduction! Wind dispersal of pollen and seeds.
Adaptation for angiosperms: flowering plants
1) Flower shape, color, patter, scent
2) Rewards for pollinator: Nectar, pollen, wax
3) Enclosed in fruit = ovary, seed = ovule
Importance of plants:
1) Base of terrestrial food chains
2) Build/retain soil with roots (absorb rain + reduce erosion)
3) Carbon fixation through photosynthesis (reduce greenhouse gas)
4) Moderate temp (absorb heat + shade)
5) Create habitat
Plants are categorized by way they fix carbon during photosynthesis, what are the 3 types?
C3 plants
C4
CAM
C3 plants:
1) Temperate climates (not too hot or dry)
2) Stomata open during day for gas exchange
3) Stomata can close if too hot to prevent water loss ==> Can’t do photosynthesis
C4 plants:
1) Stomata often closed during day
2) CO2 in mesophyll cells not high
3) CO2 first fixed in mesophyll cells by an enzyme PEP carboxylase that can work in low CO2 conditions
4) Allows the release of CO2 in higher concentration into bundle sheath cells where the remaining steps of photosynthesis occur.
CAM plants
1) Succulent plants (pineapple)
2) Reduce/Prevent photorespiration by:
- DAY closed stomata: Keep water, prevent CO2 + NIGHT open stomata: allow CO2 enter mesophyll plants (the reverse of other plants)
- Separating carbon fixation step and remainder of photosynthesis steps temporally.
In CAM plants, organic acids are stored in ___ until ___ when stomata is ___
vacuoles - morning - closed
In CAM plants, CO2 fixed into organic acids in ___ cells during ___ while stomata is ___
mesophyll - night - open
CAM plants: CO2 released during the ___ withing ___ cells to allow the remaining steps of ___
day - mesophyll - photosynthesis
Tropical wet forest: Trees in rainforest usually have ___ and ___ bark. why?
thin - smooth - No need to keep moisture bc habitat always wet and smoothness helps plants grow on them
The leaves in tropical wet forest have waxy surface and pointed tips for:
Draining excess water to prevent algae on leaves (can block sun)
In rainforest, little sun can penetrate, so how does the configuration of plants help?
Arranged at different angles
Tundra plant adaptations: Flowers are small or big? Why?
Small, warmer and protected from wind because close to the ground
Tundra plant adaptations: Plants have shallow roots because
Get little rainwater, protect roots from permafrost
Tundra plant adaptations: Plants are a light or dark color
Dark, absorb more sunlight
Tundra plant adaptations: the leaves are leathery or hairy because
Keep heat + Prevent water from getting out
Desert Plant adaptations: Cacti have thorns instead of leaves:
Dont lose water as much + Prevents predators
Desert Plant adaptations: Plants have small leaves because
To reduce moisture loss during photosynthesis
Temperate Forest plant adaptations: Leaves on trees are thin or thick. Why?
Thin to collect sunlight
Temperate Forest plant adaptations: Leaves drop in water because
Tree doesn’t lose as much moisture + Prevent damage from snow
Winter adaptation of trees: Conifers retain what during winter?
Needles
Winter adaptation of trees: Why do coniferous trees fill leaf cells with concentrated sap?
Anti-freeze
Winter adaptation of trees: What do conifer needles have?
Waxy thick coating to reduce water loss
