CH.7-Producers

Question 1

What makes a living organism a producer?

Answer 1

Ability to PRODUCE ORGANIC COMPOUDNS (glucose…) from CO2

Question 2

What is carbon fixation?

Answer 2

Produce organic compounds from CO2

Question 3

Producers form the base of all food chains?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

Are all producers autotrophic?

Answer 4

Yes

Question 5

Are photosynthetic prokaryotes photoautotrophic?

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

Certain prokaryotes are chemoautotrophic?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

Certain aquatic prokaryotes are photoheterotrophs

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

Many prokaryotes are chemoheterotrophs (protis, fungi, animals, plants)

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

Equation for photosynthesis:

Answer 9

6CO₂+6H₂O –> C₆H₁₂O₆ (sugar) + 6O₂

Question 10

Equation for Chemosynthesis:

Answer 10

3H₂S+ 6CO₂+6H₂O + –> C₆H₁₂O₆ (sugar) + 3H₂SO₄

Question 11

Phytoplankton are ___ such as ___

Answer 11

Small aquatic producers - cyanobacteria and many photoautotrophic protists like algae

Question 12

Producers remove substantial amounts of ___

Answer 12

CO2

Question 13

What are the 3 domains producers are found in?

Answer 13

Eukaryotic, archaean, bacterial

Question 14

Characteristic of diatoms:

Answer 14

1) Unicellular
2) Brown/yellow pigment
3) Silica cell wall
4) Some have oils that help float

Question 15

What is carbon sink?

Answer 15

Accumulation dead diatoms on ocean floor as decomposers can’t access organic molecules

Question 16

What is the Bioremediation Idea?

Answer 16

Using diatoms to reduce CO2 levels in atmos

Question 17

Green algae is believed to have shared ancestor with land plants: T or F

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Characteristics green algae

Answer 18

1) Green photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll) in chloroplasts
2) Cellulose cell wall
3) Store E in starch

Question 19

Characteristic red algae:

Answer 19

1) Multicellular (not as large as brown algae)
2) Most abundant in warm waters
3) Red photosynthetic pigment mask green (can absorb blue/green light, to thrive in deep water)
4) Human consumption - Nori
5) Agar extract

Question 20

Characteristic brown algae:

Answer 20

1) Largest most complex
2) Multicellular
3) Kelp forests in deep waters
4) Human consumption, gel for thickening

Question 21

What are the terrestrial producers?

Answer 21

Bryophytes - Gymnosperms - Seedless Vascular Plants - Angiosperms

Question 22

Homologies in green algae and plants:

Answer 22

1) Photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll
2) Carbohydrates as starch
3) Cell of cellulose

Question 23

Name bryophytes

Answer 23

moss, hornworts, liverworts

Question 24

Name Seedless vascular plants

Answer 24

ferns, horsetails

Question 25

Name gymnosperms

Answer 25

conifers, cycads, ginkos

Question 26

Name angiosperms

Answer 26

Floweing plants

Question 27

What are adaptation for terrestrial environment

Answer 27

1) Waxy cuticle
2) Stomata
3) Vascular tissue
4) Pollen/seeds
5) Fruits to protect seeds

Question 28

Bryophytes: characteristics and adaptation

Answer 28

Primitive Characteristics:
1) No true tissue
2) No vascular system
3) Small height (<5cm)
4) Require a moist environment
5) Motile sperm require water to reach eggs
6) Produce spores

Adaptations: Waxy cuticle (prevents water loss) + stomata (gas exchange, regulate water loss)

Question 29

Characteristics and adaptations: Seedless vascular plants

Answer 29

Primitive Characteristics:
1) Motile sperm require water for fertilization.
2) Produce spores

Adaptations:
1)Vascular tissue: Xylem (transports water minerals from roots to rest of plant) + Phloem (transports water organic nutrients from photosynthetic tissues to rest of plant)
2) True tissue

Question 30

Adaptation for land: Gymnosperms

Answer 30

New adaptations for land:

1) Sperm contained in pollen grains

2) Seeds instead of spores: Seeds have
- Multicellular embryo
- Food supplu
- Coat for protection

3) Not dependent on water for reproduction! Wind dispersal of pollen and seeds.

Question 31

Adaptation for angiosperms: flowering plants

Answer 31

1) Flower shape, color, patter, scent
2) Rewards for pollinator: Nectar, pollen, wax
3) Enclosed in fruit = ovary, seed = ovule

Question 32

Importance of plants:

Answer 32

1) Base of terrestrial food chains
2) Build/retain soil with roots (absorb rain + reduce erosion)
3) Carbon fixation through photosynthesis (reduce greenhouse gas)
4) Moderate temp (absorb heat + shade)
5) Create habitat

Question 33

Plants are categorized by way they fix carbon during photosynthesis, what are the 3 types?

Answer 33

C3 plants
C4
CAM

Question 34

C3 plants:

Answer 34

1) Temperate climates (not too hot or dry)
2) Stomata open during day for gas exchange
3) Stomata can close if too hot to prevent water loss ==> Can’t do photosynthesis

Question 35

C4 plants:

Answer 35

1) Stomata often closed during day
2) CO2 in mesophyll cells not high
3) CO2 first fixed in mesophyll cells by an enzyme PEP carboxylase that can work in low CO2 conditions
4) Allows the release of CO2 in higher concentration into bundle sheath cells where the remaining steps of photosynthesis occur.

Question 36

CAM plants

Answer 36

1) Succulent plants (pineapple)
2) Reduce/Prevent photorespiration by:
- DAY closed stomata: Keep water, prevent CO2 + NIGHT open stomata: allow CO2 enter mesophyll plants (the reverse of other plants)
- Separating carbon fixation step and remainder of photosynthesis steps temporally.

Question 37

In CAM plants, organic acids are stored in ___ until ___ when stomata is ___

Answer 37

vacuoles - morning - closed

Question 38

In CAM plants, CO2 fixed into organic acids in ___ cells during ___ while stomata is ___

Answer 38

mesophyll - night - open

Question 39

CAM plants: CO2 released during the ___ withing ___ cells to allow the remaining steps of ___

Answer 39

day - mesophyll - photosynthesis

Question 40

Tropical wet forest: Trees in rainforest usually have ___ and ___ bark. why?

Answer 40

thin - smooth - No need to keep moisture bc habitat always wet and smoothness helps plants grow on them

Question 41

The leaves in tropical wet forest have waxy surface and pointed tips for:

Answer 41

Draining excess water to prevent algae on leaves (can block sun)

Question 42

In rainforest, little sun can penetrate, so how does the configuration of plants help?

Answer 42

Arranged at different angles

Question 43

Tundra plant adaptations: Flowers are small or big? Why?

Answer 43

Small, warmer and protected from wind because close to the ground

Question 44

Tundra plant adaptations: Plants have shallow roots because

Answer 44

Get little rainwater, protect roots from permafrost

Question 45

Tundra plant adaptations: Plants are a light or dark color

Answer 45

Dark, absorb more sunlight

Question 46

Tundra plant adaptations: the leaves are leathery or hairy because

Answer 46

Keep heat + Prevent water from getting out

Question 47

Desert Plant adaptations: Cacti have thorns instead of leaves:

Answer 47

Dont lose water as much + Prevents predators

Question 48

Desert Plant adaptations: Plants have small leaves because

Answer 48

To reduce moisture loss during photosynthesis

Question 49

Temperate Forest plant adaptations: Leaves on trees are thin or thick. Why?

Answer 49

Thin to collect sunlight

Question 50

Temperate Forest plant adaptations: Leaves drop in water because

Answer 50

Tree doesn’t lose as much moisture + Prevent damage from snow

Question 51

Winter adaptation of trees: Conifers retain what during winter?

Answer 51

Needles

Question 52

Winter adaptation of trees: Why do coniferous trees fill leaf cells with concentrated sap?

Answer 52

Anti-freeze

Question 53

Winter adaptation of trees: What do conifer needles have?

Answer 53

Waxy thick coating to reduce water loss