CH.3-Evidence/Darwin principle

Question 1

What are the 3 observations Darwin wished to explain?

Answer 1

1) Adaptation
2) Connectivity (shared characteristics among living organisms)
3) Diversity of life

Question 2

What is Darwin’s Theory?

Answer 2

Vertical descent with modification (mutation) = Evolution ==> Living organisms get better adapted to environment over time by beneficial genetic mutations

Question 3

How do living organisms get better adapted?

Answer 3

Over many generations, they gain beneficial genetic mutations

Question 4

What is Darwin’s proposed mechanism of evolution?

Answer 4

Natural Selection

Question 5

What is natural selection?

Answer 5

Force that drives evolution by causing individuals with advantageous genetic traits to survive and reproduce better than others

Question 6

What is microevolution?

Answer 6

Small changes in genetic makeup of populations that may occur between generations

Question 7

What is macroevolution?

Answer 7

Over long period of time, if population has enough genetic material it can become new species

Question 8

What is a species?

Answer 8

Population/group of populations whose individuals can interbreed and produce offspring.

Question 9

True or false? A species can interbreed with other such groups

Answer 9

False

Question 10

Which philosopher used Scala Naturae?

Answer 10

Aristotle

Question 11

What is Scala Naturae?

Answer 11

Nature has levels of complexity from simple to complex

Question 12

What did Carolus Linnaeus believe in?

Answer 12

All species were created for a purpose. Proof how well they adapted in environments

Question 13

Who were Darwin’s influencers?

Answer 13

George Cuvier: Studied fossils in sedimentary layers and conclusion of CATASTROPHISM

James Hutton & Charles Lyell: Didn’t believe in catastrophism ==> Believed that geological strata were deposited slowly over time ==> UNIFORMITARIANISM

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck: Indiv organisms evolve with changing environment during lifetime

Thomas Malthus: Population growth is exponential but resources become limited ==> Competition

Question 14

What was Lamarck’s 2 hypotheses?

Answer 14

1) Use & Disuse:
Body parts needed for survival get stronger while others deteriorate

2) Inheritance of acquired characteristics:
Can be passed down to next gen

Question 15

Darwin spent time in Galapagos Island and observes many —

Answer 15

adaptations

Question 16

What is an adaptation? What does it lead to?

Answer 16

Inherited traits of organisms that are beneficial to survival and reproductive success in environments ==> Leads to more offspring

Question 17

What is Darwin’s view on history of life?

Answer 17

Multiple branches arise from common trunk (one original common ancestor)

Question 18

Pre-Darwin, was a ladder or a tree?

Answer 18

Tree

Question 19

What tool is used to understand the evolutionary relationship between organisms?

Answer 19

Phylogenetic tree

Question 20

HOW does natural selection work? What does the environment do to the organisms living in it?

Answer 20

It puts certain pressures on them for survival

Question 21

What are the ways pressures can be exerted by?

Answer 21

1) Physical environment
2) Living organisms they interact with

Question 22

What are examples of physical environment pressures?

Answer 22

Weather, availability of resources

Question 23

What are examples of interactions with other organisms pressure? The types of competition

Answer 23

Intraspecific competition: Between same species (mates, territories, food)

Interspecific: With other species (predator/prey, resources)

Question 24

Is it a question of survival of the fittest?

Answer 24

No, those with better traits of survival have higher reproductive success/fitness (Reproductive fitness)

Question 25

Natural selection can only happen if:

Answer 25

1) Members withing a population have variations in genetic characteristics
2) Environmental pressures to produce more offspring
3) Lots of time

Question 26

What is genetic variation a result of?

Answer 26

Mutation

Question 27

Genetic variation amongst individuals is increased through —

Answer 27

Sexual reproduction

Question 28

Overproduction of offspring causes what between individuals?

Answer 28

Competition for resources

Question 29

Natural selection acts upon —-, but the smallest level at which evolution occurs is the —- level.

Answer 29

individuals - population

Question 30

What evidence supports the theory of evolution?

Answer 30

1) Direct observation of evolutionary change (microevolution)
2) Homology
3) Convergent evolution
4) Fossil record
5) Biogeography

Question 31

Direct observation of evolutionary change: What is artificial selection?

Answer 31

When humans are the selective force determining favorable genetic traits

Question 32

Selecting traits from wild animals to create domestic animals is what type of selection?

Answer 32

Artificial (humans)

Question 33

Artificial VS Natural selection?

Answer 33

Artificial selection = humans are the external pressures (selects indiv to breed to find desirable trait)

Natural selection = environment/interactions is the pressure

Question 34

What is homology?

Answer 34

Similarities resulting from common ancestry

Question 35

At molecular level, how is homology represented?

Answer 35

Genetic material of all living organism (most) are written in same code

Question 36

How does homology affect embryonic development?

Answer 36

Early stages of embryonic development, vertebrates look the same

Question 37

How does homology affect vestigial structures? Examples?

Answer 37

Remnants of structures form ancestors (appendix, tail bone)

Question 38

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 38

Evolution of similar characteristics but unrelated organisms (no shared ancestor) because of similar environmental pressure

Question 39

Similar characteristics are called

Answer 39

Analogous

Question 40

Shared ancestor is called

Answer 40

Homologous

Question 41

How does biogeography affect evolution?

Answer 41

Living organisms are more related to other living organisms in same area

Question 42

What is divergent evolution?

Answer 42

Separation and isolation of populations