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Ecology and evolution > CH.4-Microevolution/genetic changes > Flashcards

CH.4-Microevolution/genetic changes Flashcards

1
Q

Natural selection acts on —- but —- do not evolve during their lifetime

A

individuals - individuals

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2
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of same species living is same area

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3
Q

What is the smallest unit of evolution?

A

A population

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4
Q

Natural selection can only happen if:

A

1) Members of a pop have variations in genetic characteristics
2) Environmental pressures to produce more
3) Lots of time

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5
Q

What are genes?

A

Section of DNA on a chromosome that has the information to make specific proteins. These proteins have a certain trait

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6
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does a human have?

A

23 pairs (46 total) –> 23 from ch/ parent

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7
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Copies of the same chromosome (have same gene)

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8
Q

Are homologous chromosomes identical?

A

NO - they have same genes but different versions (alleles)

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9
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different version of same gene (characteristic). Will code for different trait of characteristic.

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10
Q

Eye color is a — and brown/blue/green eyes is a —

A

Gene - Alleles

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11
Q

Is eye color a characteristic or a trait?

A

Characteristic

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12
Q

Are blue eyes a characteristic or a trait?

A

Trait

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13
Q

How many alleles for every gene?

A

2 (1 allele from each chromosome from each parent)

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14
Q

— alleles for a gene are always expressed as a trait when present

A

Dominant

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15
Q

—- alleles for a gene are only expressed when an individual has 2 copies of it

A

Recessive

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16
Q

What’s a genotype?

A

Combination of alleles an individual has for a particular gene

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17
Q

What are the 3 possible genotypes for a gene that has 2 alleles versions (e and E)

A

EE, Ee, ee

18
Q

What is homozygous? E and e

A

Individual’s genotype has 2 alleles the same EE, ee

19
Q

What’s heterozygous?

A

Individual’s genotype has 2 different alleles Ee

20
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The trait that is expressed for particular characteristic (end result)

21
Q

EE, Ee, ee are —

A

Genotypes

22
Q

EE = Brown eyes, Ee = Brown eyes, ee = blue eyes are —-

A

Phenotypes

23
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

A population’s genetic makeup. Quantifies how many of ch/ type of allele for a given gene can be found withing the population

24
Q

How does microevolution affect the gene pool?

A

Changes in the ALELLE FREQUENCIES within the gen pool can occur over generations

25
Q

What is the formula for GENOTYPE FREQUENCY?

A

of individuals with a particular genotype/Total # of individuals in the population

26
Q

What’s the formula for allele frequency?

A

of copies of a specific allele for a gene in the population/ Total # of alleles for a gene in the population

27
Q

When do we apply the Hardy-Weinberg Principle?

A

When the population isn’t evolving (Equilibrium)

28
Q

What is Genetic Equilibirum?

A

1) No gene flow
2) No mutation
3) Random mating
4) No natural selection
5) Large population size

29
Q

Hardy-Weinberg:
what is p and q?

A

p = freq of dominant allele
q = freq of recessive allele

30
Q

Hardy-Weinberg:
What is p^2 and q^2? What is 2pq?

A

p^2 = freq of homozygous dominant genotype
q^2: = freq of homozygous recessive genotype
2pq = freq of heterozygous genotype

31
Q

What causes microevolution?

A

1) Natural selection
2) Genetic drift
3) Gene flow

32
Q

What are the 3 modes that natural selection can act on a population?

A

1) Directional selection
2) Disruptive selection
3) Stabilizing selection

33
Q

What is directional selection?

A

1 extreme variant in phenotype is favored

34
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

2 extreme variants in phenotype are favored

35
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

Intermediate variant in phenotype is favored (average phenotype)

36
Q

What is Genetic drift?

A

Random fluctuations in allele frequencies from 1 generation to the next

37
Q

Is a genetic drift more substantial to a small or large population?

A

Small - If large, most likely to be similar to previous population

38
Q

What are the special cases of Genetic Drift?

A

1) Founder Effect
2) Bottle neck effect

39
Q

What is the Founder effect? Is the gene pool necessarily the same?

A

When very few individuals get isolated and start their own population - Gene pool differs bc very few (bigger effect)

40
Q

What is the Bottle neck Effect?

A

Population’s number lowers drastically because of disaster (surviving population)

41
Q

What is Gene flow?

A

Transfer of alleles in/out of population bc of immigration/emigration of fertile individuals or gametes

Ecology and evolution (10 decks)

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