CH. 10 - Community ecology

Question 1

What is a community?

Answer 1

All populations of all species that occupy same area

Question 2

What’s intraspecific Competition (-/-)

Answer 2

Competition between same species for resources (food, water, territory)

Question 3

What’s interspecific Competition (-/-)

Answer 3

Different species compete for a resource

Question 4

Competition (-/-):
Competitive exclusion

Answer 4

Species that is inferior will be eliminated

Question 5

Competition (-/-):
Ecological niche

Answer 5

Total use of biotic and abiotic resources in environment by a species

Question 6

Competition (-/-):
Resource partitioning

Answer 6

Same food source in eco niches overlap but can coexist because of some differences (ex: location) in niches

Question 7

What’s fundamental niche vs Realized niche

Answer 7

Fundamental: Potential niche if there’s no competitions
Realized: The actual niche

Question 8

Character displacement?

Answer 8

Micro-evolutionary changes in phenotype that occur when 2 species coexist and share same resources

Question 9

Predation (+/-): What is it?

Answer 9

1 species benefits other loses (predator prey)

Question 10

Predator adaptions:

Answer 10

Claws, sharp teeth, poison, stingers, camo for ambush

Question 11

Prey adaptations:

Answer 11

Alarm calls, quills, camo, armour

Question 12

What is the adaption for camoufage?

Answer 12

Crypsis

Question 13

What is the adaption for standing out in surroundings (ie. poisonous species)

Answer 13

Aposematism

Question 14

What is crypsis?

Answer 14

Camouflage

Question 15

What is aposematism?

Answer 15

Stand out in surroundings (poisonous species)

Question 16

What is Batesian mimicry?

Answer 16

Non poisonous species mimics poisonous (appearance and behaviours)

Question 17

Mullerian mimicry?

Answer 17

2+ poisonous species resemble each other

Question 18

Herbivory (+/-): What is it?

Answer 18

1 species benefits (primary consumer) by eating other (photoautotroph: plant, algae)

Question 19

Plant adaptations that deter herbivores?

Answer 19

Thorns, hairs, toxins

Question 20

Herbivore adaptations help them … (give examples)

Answer 20

Digest the tough cellulose walls of plants;
- Multi-chamber stomach
- Coprophagy: eating feces
- Flat teeth

Question 21

What are the relationships in symbiosis?

Answer 21

1) Parasitism (+/-)
2) Mutualism (+/+)
3) Commensalism (+/0)

Question 22

What are the interspecific interactions?

Answer 22

1) Competitions -/-
2) Predation +/-
3) Herbivory +/-
4) Symbiosis (parasitism, mutualism, commensalism)

Question 23

What is parasitism?

Answer 23

Parasites feed off hosts (benefit from association)

Question 24

What do parasitic fungi absorb?

Answer 24

Nutrients from liv orgs instead of dead organic matter

Question 25

What is mutualism?

Answer 25

Both species benefit

Question 26

What is mycorrhizal fungi?

Answer 26

Mycelium connect the plants in a forest tgt ==> Nutrients exchanged

Question 27

What is lichen?

Answer 27

Symbiotic association: fungus + photosynthetic partner (cyanobacteria or algae)

Question 28

What makes up the main part of the lichen? What does it do?

Answer 28

Fungus - Provides safe space from desiccation + inorganic nutrients

Question 29

What does the photosynthetic partner provide to the fungus?

Answer 29

Organic nutrients

Question 30

What kind of symbiosis does coral have?

Answer 30

Mutualistic: Invertebrate animal (cnidarian) + algae

Question 31

Coral: What does algae provide to invertebrate?

Answer 31

Glucose + oxygen thru photosynthesis

Question 32

Coral: What does invertebrate provide to algae?

Answer 32

CO2

Question 33

What is commensalism (+/0)?

Answer 33

1 species benefits form association - other is neutral

Question 34

Co-evolution: Species in interspecific relationships co-evolve, what does this do?

Answer 34

Selective pressure to outcompete

Question 35

When considering species diversity look at:

Answer 35

Species richness and abundance of each species

Question 36

What is species richness?

Answer 36

Number of species present

Question 37

What is abundance of each species?

Answer 37

Proportion that each species represents of all indivs

Question 38

What is niche partitioning?

Answer 38

Species w/different morphological/physiological characteristics can use dif resources to increase productivity ==> Increase bioiversity

Question 39

Why would a dominant species be abundant?

Answer 39

- Better acquire resources - Better able to tolerate predation/herbivory

Question 40

What are keystone species?

Answer 40

Not abundant but have strong influence on community

Question 41

What is community succession?

Answer 41

New community will arise after severe disturbance

Question 42

What is primary succession or secondary?

Answer 42

1) Primary: Starting from scratch, no soil, long time 2) Secondary: After clear cutting..., soil is present, less time