CH8

Question 1

the ongoing negotiation of learned and patterned beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors

Answer 1

culture

Question 2

include the components of self that are primarily intrapersonal and connected to our life experiences

Answer 2

Personal identities

Question 3

the components of self that are derived from involvement in social groups with which we are interpersonally committed.

Answer 3

social identities

Question 4

based on socially constructed categories that teach us a way of being and include expectations for social behavior or ways of acting

Answer 4

Cultural identities

Question 5

personal, social, or cultural identities that are placed on us by others

Answer 5

Ascribed identities

Question 6

those that we claim for ourselves

Answer 6

avowed identities

Question 7

historically had and currently have more resources and influence

Answer 7

Dominant identities

Question 8

historically had and currently have less resources and influence

Answer 8

nondominant identities

Question 9

makes it seem natural and normal to many that some people or groups will always have power over others.

Answer 9

ideology of domination

Question 10

a view that argues the self is formed through our interactions with others and in relationship to social, cultural, and political contexts

Answer 10

Social constructionism

Question 11

a socially constructed category based on differences in appearance that has been used to create hierarchies that privilege some and disadvantage others.

Answer 11

race

Question 12

involves changing from one way of speaking to another between or within interactions

Answer 12

Code-switching

Question 13

an identity based on internalized cultural notions of masculinity and femininity that is constructed through communication and interaction

Answer 13

gender

Question 14

based on biological characteristics, including external genitalia, internal sex organs, chromosomes, and hormones

Answer 14

Sex

Question 15

a system of social structures and practices that maintains the values, priorities, and interests of men as a group

Answer 15

patriarchy

Question 16

an umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or expression do not match the gender they were assigned by birth

Answer 16

Transgender

Question 17

Sexual orientation refers to a person’s primary physical and emotional sexual attraction and activity

Answer 17

Sexual orientation

Question 18

places disability as an individual and medical rather than social and cultural issue.

Answer 18

medical model of disability

Question 19

the system of beliefs and practices that produces a physical and mental standard that is projected as normal for a human being and labels deviations from it abnormal, resulting in unequal treatment and access to resources.

Answer 19

Ableism

Question 20

communication between people with differing cultural identities. One reason we should study intercultural communication is to foster greater self-awareness.

Answer 20

Intercultural communication

Question 21

our tendency to view our own culture as superior to other cultures.

Answer 21

ethnocentrism

Question 22

where vast distances are now much shorter due to new technology that make travel and communication more accessible and convenient

Answer 22

global village

Question 23

refers to the unequal access to technology and related skills that exists in much of the world.

Answer 23

digital divide

Question 24

a relationship between two opposing concepts that constantly push and pull one another

Answer 24

dialectic

Question 25

dualistic ways of thinking that highlight opposites, reducing the ability to see gradations that exist in between concepts.

Answer 25

Dichotomies

Question 26

captures the interplay between patterned behaviors learned from a cultural group and individual behaviors that may be variations on or counter to those of the larger culture.

Answer 26

cultural-individual dialectic

Question 27

highlights the connection between our personal patterns of and preferences for communicating and how various contexts influence the personal

Answer 27

personal-contextual dialectic

Question 28

allows us to examine how we are simultaneously similar to and different from others.

Answer 28

differences-similarities dialectic

Question 29

reduce/overlook important variations within a group.

Answer 29

essentialize

Question 30

suggests that culture and communication change over time yet often appear to be and are experienced as stable

Answer 30

static-dynamic dialectic

Question 31

reminds us to understand that while current cultural conditions are important and that our actions now will inevitably affect our future, those conditions are not without a history.

Answer 31

history/past-present/future dialectic

Question 32

captures the complex interrelation of unearned, systemic advantages and disadvantages that operate among our various identities. As was discussed earlier, our society consists of dominant and nondominant groups. Our cultures and identities have certain privileges and/or disadvantages

Answer 32

privileges-disadvantages dialectic

Question 33

asks us to acknowledge that we each have multiple cultures and identities that intersect with each other

Answer 33

intersectionality

Question 34

formed between people with different cultural identities and include friends, romantic partners, family, and coworkers

Answer 34

Intercultural relationships

Question 35

common in states and made it illegal for people of different racial/ethnic groups to marry.

Answer 35

Antimiscegenation laws

Question 36

the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in various cultural contexts

Answer 36

Intercultural communication competence (ICC)

Question 37

refers to the root of a person’s desire to foster intercultural relationships and can be intrinsic or extrinsic

Answer 37

Motivation

Question 38

a state of self- and other-monitoring that informs later reflection on communication interactions

Answer 38

Mindfulness

Question 39

refers to the ability to continually supplement and revise existing knowledge to create new categories rather than forcing new knowledge into old categories

Answer 39

Cognitive flexibility

Question 40

refers to an individual’s attitude about and level of comfort in uncertain situations.

Answer 40

Tolerance for uncertainty

Question 41

a reflective practice by which we acknowledge intersecting identities, both privileged and disadvantaged, and implicate ourselves in social hierarchies and inequalities

Answer 41

Intersectional reflexivity