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COM intro > CH3 > Flashcards

CH3 Flashcards

1
Q

something that stands in for or represents something else

A

symbol

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2
Q

culturally agreed on and ever-changing systems of symbols that help us organize, understand, and generate meaning.

A

Codes

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3
Q

refers to our ability to talk about events that are removed in space or time from a speaker and situation.

A

displacement

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4
Q

refers to definitions that are accepted by the language group as a whole, or the dictionary definition of a word.

A

Denotation

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5
Q

refers to definitions that are based on emotion- or experience-based associations people have with a word.

A

Connotation

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6
Q

refers to the rules that govern how words are used to make phrases and sentences.

A

Grammar

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7
Q

refers to the process by which we learn to understand, produce, and use words to communicate within a given language group.

A

Language acquisition

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8
Q

The ____ is a model of communication that indicates the relationship among a thought, symbol, and referent, and highlights the indirect relationship between the symbol and the referent.

A

triangle of meaning

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9
Q

The model explains how for any given symbol there can be many different referents, which can lead to misunderstanding.

A

triangle of meaning

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10
Q

help us communicate our observations, thoughts, feelings, and needs.

A

Verbal expressions

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11
Q

utterances that try to get another person to do something.

A

Directives

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12
Q

utterances that mean a speaker is committed to a certain course of action

A

commissives

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13
Q

newly coined or used words. Newly coined words are those that were just brought into linguistic existence.

A

Neologisms

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14
Q

refers to new or adapted words that are specific to a group, context, and/or time period; regarded as less formal; and representative of people’s creative play with language.

A

Slang

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15
Q

messages communicated in an open, honest, and nonconfrontational way

A

supportive messages

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16
Q

means “hopeful,” is the most well-known and widely used auxiliary language that was intended to serve as a common international language.

A

Esperanto

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17
Q

make others respond defensively, which can lead to feelings of separation and actual separation or dissolution of a relationship.

A

unsupportive messages

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18
Q

Labeling someone irresponsible, untrustworthy, selfish, or lazy calls his or her whole identity as a person into question. Such sweeping judgments and generalizations are sure to only escalate a negative situation.

A

Global labels

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19
Q

Even though sarcasm is often disguised as humor, it usually represents passive-aggressive behavior through which a person indirectly communicates negative feelings.

A

Sarcasm

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20
Q

Bringing up negative past experiences is a tactic used by people when they don’t want to discuss a current situation. Sometimes people have built up negative feelings that are suddenly let out by a seemingly small thing in the moment.

A

Dragging up the past

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21
Q

Holding a person up to the supposed standards or characteristics of another person can lead to feelings of inferiority and resentment. Parents and teachers may unfairly compare children to their siblings.

A

Negative comparisons.

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22
Q

Accusatory messages are usually generalized overstatements about another person that go beyond labeling but still do not describe specific behavior in a productive way.

A

Judgmental “you” messages

23
Q

Threatening someone with violence or some other negative consequence usually signals the end of productive communication. Aside from the potential legal consequences, threats usually overcompensate for a person’s insecurity.

A

Threats

24
Q

it expresses our identities through labels used by and on us,
affects our credibility based on how we support our ideas,
serves as a means of control,
performs actions when spoken by certain people in certain contexts.

A

language

25
Q

always changing through the addition of neologisms,
new words or old words with new meaning,
and the creation of slang.

A

language is dynamic

26
Q

can be used to bring people together through a shared reality
but can separate people through unsupportive and divisive messages.

A

Language is relational

27
Q

refers to specialized words used by a certain group or profession.

A

Jargon

28
Q

include all the relevant types of expressions needed to most effectively communicate in a given situation, including what you see, what you think, what you feel, and what you need.

A

Whole messages

29
Q

missing a relevant type of expression and can lead to misunderstanding and conflict. Whole messages help keep lines of communication open, which can help build solid relationships.

A

Partial messages

30
Q

include mixed or misleading expressions.

A

contaminated messages

31
Q

refers to language used to express a person’s feelings and create similar feelings in another person. Metaphor, simile, personification, and vivid language can evoke emotions in speaker and listener.

A

Affective language

32
Q

direct comparison of two things using the words like or as.

A

simile

33
Q

implicit comparison of two things that are not alike and/or are not typically associated.

A

metaphor

34
Q

refers to the attribution of human qualities or characteristics of other living things to nonhuman objects or abstract concepts.

A

Personification

35
Q

Some people differ in their interpretations of civility in various settings, and some people have personality traits that may lead to actions deemed uncivil on a more regular basis.

A

Individual differences

36
Q

In some cases, especially in novel situations involving uncertainty, people may not know what social norms and expectations are.

A

Ignorance

37
Q

Even when we know how to behave, we may not be able to do it. Such frustrations may lead a person to revert to undesirable behavior such as engaging in personal attacks during a conflict because they don’t know what else to do.

A

Lack of skill

38
Q

Self-control is not an unlimited resource. Even when people know how to behave and have the skill to respond to a situation appropriately, they may not do so. Even people who are careful to monitor their behavior have occasional slip-ups.

A

Lapse of control

39
Q

Some people, in an attempt to break with conformity or challenge societal norms, or for self-benefit (publicly embarrassing someone in order to look cool or edgy), are openly uncivil. Such behavior can also result from mental or psychological stresses or illnesses.

A

Negative intent.

40
Q

to create social bonds or for impression management (to seem cool or attractive).

A

social swearing

41
Q

provides a sense of relief, as people use it to manage stress and tension, which can be a preferred alternative to physical aggression.

A

Annoyance swearing

42
Q

conclusions based on thoughts or speculation, but not direct observation.

A

Inferences

43
Q

conclusions based on direct observation or group consensus.

A

Facts

44
Q

expressions of approval or disapproval that are subjective and not verifiable

A

Judgments

45
Q

or the misconception of an inference (conclusion based on limited information) as an observation (an observed or agreed-on fact).

A

inference-observation confusion

46
Q

occurs when people deviate from accepted social norms for communication and behavior and manifests in swearing and polarized language that casts people and ideas as opposites.

A

Incivility

47
Q

related communication structures that come one after the other (adjacent to each other) in an interaction

A

Adjacency pairs

48
Q

versions of languages that have distinct words, grammar, and pronunciation.

A

Dialects

49
Q

distinct styles of pronunciation.

A

Accents

50
Q

a theory that explores why and how people modify their communication to fit situational, social, cultural, and relational contexts.

A

Communication accommodation theory

51
Q

a person makes his or her communication more like another person’s.

A

convergence

52
Q

a person uses communication to emphasize the differences between his or her conversational partner and his or herself.

A

divergence

53
Q

refers to changes in accent, dialect, or language.

A

code-switching

54
Q

a skewed way of viewing or talking about a group that is typically negative.

A

Cultural bias

COM intro (8 decks)

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