CH2

Question 1

the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.

Answer 1

Perception

Question 2

the first part of the perception process, in which we focus our attention on certain incoming sensory information.

Answer 2

Selecting

Question 3

the degree to which something attracts our attention in a particular context. We select information based on this.

Answer 3

Salience

Question 4

the second part of the perception process, in which we sort and categorize information that we perceive based on innate and learned cognitive patterns.

Answer 4

Organizing

Question 5

the structuring of information into a timeline to determine the cause (stimulus) and effect (response) of our communication interactions

Answer 5

Punctuation

Question 6

the third part of the perception process, in which we assign meaning to our experiences using mental structures known as schemata.

Answer 6

Interpretation

Question 7

like databases of stored, related information that we use to interpret new experiences

Answer 7

Schemata

Question 8

This process affects our communication because we respond to stimuli differently, whether they are objects or persons, based on how we perceive them.

Answer 8

Perception

Question 9

We tend to find ____ things that are visually or aurally stimulating and things that meet our needs and interests. Expectations also influence what information we select.

Answer 9

salient

Question 10

connect the cause of behaviors to personal aspects such as personality traits.

Answer 10

Internal attributions

Question 11

connect the cause of behaviors to situational factors.

Answer 11

External attributions

Question 12

refers to our tendency to explain others’ behaviors using internal rather than external attributions.

Answer 12

fundamental attribution error

Question 13

a perceptual error through which we attribute the cause of our successes to internal personal factors while attributing our failures to external factors beyond our control.

Answer 13

self-serving bias

Question 14

leads us to place more value on the first information we receive about a person.

Answer 14

primacy effect

Question 15

leads us to put more weight on the most recent impression we have of a person’s communication over earlier impressions

Answer 15

recency effect

Question 16

occurs when initial positive perceptions lead us to view later interactions as positive.

Answer 16

halo effect

Question 17

occurs when initial negative perceptions lead us to view later interactions as negative.

Answer 17

horn effect

Question 18

refers to a person’s general way of thinking, feeling, and behaving based on underlying motivations and impulses

Answer 18

Personality

Question 19

Refers to a person’s interest in interacting with others. People with high extraversion are sociable and often called “extroverts.”

Answer 19

Extraversion

Question 20

Refers to a person’s level of trustworthiness and friendliness.

Answer 20

Agreeableness

Question 21

People with low ____ are less sociable and are often called “introverts.”

Answer 21

extraversion

Question 22

People with high ____ are cooperative and likable. People with low ____ are suspicious of others and sometimes aggressive, which makes it more difficult for people to find them pleasant to be around.

Answer 22

agreeableness

Question 23

Refers to a person’s level of self-organization and motivation.

Answer 23

Conscientiousness

Question 24

People with high ____ are methodical, motivated, and dependable. People with low ____ are less focused, less careful, and less dependable.

Answer 24

conscientiousness

Question 25

Refers to a person’s level of negative thoughts regarding himself or herself.

Answer 25

Neuroticism

Question 26

People high in ____ are insecure and experience emotional distress and may be perceived as unstable. People low in ____ are more relaxed, have less emotional swings, and are perceived as more stable.

Answer 26

neuroticism

Question 27

Refers to a person’s willingness to consider new ideas and perspectives.

Answer 27

Openness

Question 28

People high in ____ are creative and are perceived as open minded. People low in ____ are more rigid and set in their thinking and are perceived as “set in their ways.”

Answer 28

openness

Question 29

refers to our tendency to perceive others as similar to us.

Answer 29

assumed similarity

Question 30

generalize a person’s overall personality from the traits we can perceive.

Answer 30

implicit personality theories

Question 31

refers to the overall idea of who a person thinks he or she is.

Answer 31

Self-concept

Question 32

explains that we see ourselves reflected in other people’s reactions to us and then form our self-concept based on how we believe other people see us.

Answer 32

looking glass self

Question 33

states that we describe and evaluate ourselves in terms of how we compare to other people.

Answer 33

Social comparison theory

Question 34

refers to the judgments and evaluations we make about our self-concept.

Answer 34

Self-esteem

Question 35

refers to the judgments people make about their ability to perform a task within a specific context.

Answer 35

Self-Efficacy

Question 36

states that people have beliefs about and expectations for their actual and potential selves that do not always match up with what they actually experience.

Answer 36

Self-discrepancy theory

Question 37

consists of the attributes that you or someone else believes you actually possess.

Answer 37

actual self

Question 38

consists of the attributes that you or someone else would like you to possess.

Answer 38

ideal self

Question 39

consists of the attributes you or someone else believes you should possess.

Answer 39

ought self

Question 40

We have an overall feeling that we are not obtaining our desires and hopes, which leads to feelings of disappointment, dissatisfaction, and frustration.

Answer 40

Actual vs. own ideals

Question 41

We have an overall feeling that we are not obtaining significant others’ desires and hopes for us, which leads to feelings of shame and embarrassment.

Answer 41

Actual vs. others’ ideals

Question 42

We have an overall feeling that we are not meeting what others see as our duties and obligations, which leads to feelings of agitation including fear of potential punishment.

Answer 42

Actual vs. others’ ought.

Question 43

We have an overall feeling that we are not meeting our duties and obligations, which can lead to a feeling that we have fallen short of our own moral standards.

Answer 43

Actual vs. own ought.

Question 44

we tend to emphasize our desirable qualities relative to other people

Answer 44

self-enhancement bias

Question 45

the process of strategically concealing or revealing personal information in order to influence others’ perceptions.

Answer 45

Self-presentation

Question 46

entails behaviors that present a person as a role model and make a person more likable and attractive.

Answer 46

Prosocial self-presentation

Question 47

entails behaviors that present a person as highly skilled, willing to challenge others, and someone not to be messed with.

Answer 47

Self-serving self-presentation

Question 48

thought and action patterns in which a person’s false belief triggers a behavior that makes the initial false belief actually or seemingly come true.

Answer 48

Self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 49

sets of beliefs that we develop about groups, which we then apply to individuals from that group.

Answer 49

Stereotypes

Question 50

negative feelings or attitudes toward people based on their identity or identities

Answer 50

Prejudice

Question 51

a strategy to help us monitor our reactions to and perceptions about people and communication.

Answer 51

Perception checking