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PSYC 204 > Ch7: Contraception & Pregnancy Options > Flashcards

Ch7: Contraception & Pregnancy Options Flashcards

1
Q

Ancient forms of birth control: substances and barrier methods

Which form is popular in Greece?

Egypt?

use of poison?

A

Greece: Plant named silphium

Egypt: tampons soaked in honey or crocodile poo

Poison was used; mercury and arsenic

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2
Q

Type of sex used as birth control

A

Intra-crural sex: rubbing peen between thighs instead of inside vagina

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3
Q

[ history of birth control in canada ]

What was happening in the 1890s?

A

1892: use & sale of contraceptives made illegal under Canadian Criminal Code…(but wealthier women were able to get around this)

Margaret Sanger was an American nurse and activist who coined the term “birth control”

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4
Q

In canada in 1892, what would have been the punishment for selling or using contraceptives?

A

Up to 2 years in jail

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5
Q

[ history of birth control in canada ]

It’s 1923 now. What’s happening?

A

First formal contraceptive advocacy group in Vancouver

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6
Q

[ history of birth control in Canada ]

It’s the 30’s. what’s happening?

A

1932: first birth control clinic opened!
1930s: Parents Information Bureau [southern Ontario] distributed contraceptives to low-income families!

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7
Q

Who was Dorothea Palmer?

A

Distributed contraceptives to low income families

Arrested, but then won her case stating that she had been working for the public good!

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8
Q

[ history of BC in Canada ]

1960s, what demographic changed birth control public opinion?

A

BABY BOOM! Population growth out of control, which made birth control more acceptable

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9
Q

[ history of BC in Canada ]

In 1963, what impactful organization was founded?

A

International Planned Parenthood Federation founded

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10
Q

[ history of BC in Canada ]

In 1968, what did the UN do to change birth control public opinion

A

UN recognized family planning as a human right

Opposed by religious organizations, esp Catholic Church

Though most Canadians supported it

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11
Q

[ history of BC in Canada ]

1969, Trudeau…

A

Trudeau government removed birth control from Canadian Criminal Code!!!!!

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12
Q

When were the first condoms developed?

What were they made of

Who did this

A

The fucking 16th century

Linen

Gabrielle Fallopio

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13
Q

Ok, so condoms were available in the 16th century, but until the 20th century they weren’t widely used. This was because of religious and political agendas, which were…?

A

Religious: Catholic Church
Political: several plagues&raquo_space;> Europe wanted to repopulate

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14
Q

If a woman has sex freely in one year and uses no contraceptive, the probability of her getting pregnant is __

A

85%

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15
Q

How do combination hormonal contraceptives work?

A

Inhibiting ovulation

Altering endometrium

Altering cervical mucous consistency

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16
Q

Failure rate of combination hormonal contraceptive

A

Perfect: 0.3%
Typical: 8%

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17
Q

How do progestin-only contraceptives work?

A

May inhibit ovulation

Thin endometrium

Thickens cervical mucous

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18
Q

Failure rate of progestin-only contraceptives?

A

Mini-pill & depo shot: 0.3% perfect; 8% typical

levonorgestrel-releasing IUS: 0.2%

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19
Q

What are the types of combination hormonal contraceptive

A
  • combination pill
  • nuvaring
  • transdermal patch
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20
Q

Which 3 birth control methods are progestin-only?

A
  • mini-pill
  • depo-provers shot
  • LNG-IUS
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21
Q

LNG-IUS stands for…

A

Levonorgestrel-releasing Intrauterine System

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22
Q

Pros & cons of hormonal contraceptives?

A 
pros:
Very effective
Regulates cycle
Regulates flow
Reversible

Cons:
Must be taken regularly
No STI protection
Side effects: weight gain, cancer, mood

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23
Q

Non-hormonal methods (6)

A 
Spermicide
Condoms
Cervical barrire methods
Non-hormonal IUDs
surgical methods 
Natural
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24
Q

Failure rate of IUD?

A

Perfect use: 0.6%

Most failures occur within first three months

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25
Q

Pros and cons of IUD

A 
Irregular bleeding possibly
Increased menstrual flow
No STI protection
If exposed to STIs, increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease
Low risk: expulsion, uterine perforation
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26
Q

Cervical barrier method

A

Created a barrier to sperm

Efficacy not terribly high, more effective with spermicide

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27
Q

Which BC methods are cervical barrier methods?

A

Contraceptive sponge
Lea contraceptive
Cervical cap
Diaphragm

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28
Q

Pros and cons of cervical barriers as bc

A

Pros:
No hormonal side effects

Cons:
Increased risk of TSS
NO STI protection
Unsuitable for those with recurring UTIs and/or vaginal infections
High failure rate, susceptible to human error?

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29
Q

Cervical barrier failure rate for sponge and cap

A

Perfect use: 6-9%
Typical use: 13-20%
Higher if given birth already

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30
Q

Spermicide failure rate

A

Perfect use: 18%

Typical use: 29%

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31
Q

Types of spermicide

A

Film
Suppository
Jellies/creams

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32
Q

Failure rate for female condoms

A

Perfect use: 5%

Typical use: 21%

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33
Q

Failure rate for male condoms

A

Perfect use: 2%

Typical use: 15%

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34
Q

Which materials for male condoms have higher rates of slippage and breakage

A

Polyurethane and silicone

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35
Q

Surgical birth control methods

A

Female: tubal ligation

Male: vasectomy

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36
Q

Failure rate of tubal ligation

A

0.5%

37
Q

Failure rate of vasectomy

A

0.05% (after clearance given)

38
Q

What is cut during a vasectomy

A

Severance of vas deferens

39
Q

Natural methods include abstinence, withdrawal, and 3 others. What are they?

A

Lactation amenorrhea
Sympto-Thermal Approach
Rhythm method

40
Q

Sympto-thermal approach: how does it work?

A

Woman charts basal body temperature, cervical position, and mucus to determine when she’s fertile
0.2*C spike in temperature

41
Q

Failure rate of sympto-thermal approach?

A

Typical use: 80%

Perfect: 91-99%

42
Q

Rhythm method:how does it work

A

Calendar-based; fertile time is calculated based on length of previous twelve cycles
Con: cycle and ovulation can be unpredictable in times of stress/hormonal change

43
Q

Standard-days method

A

Variation of rhythm method

More accurate, perf use 95%

44
Q

Lactational amenorrhea

A

Breastfeeding suppresses ovulation

98% effective!

45
Q

Withdrawal failure rate

A

4%

46
Q

Is sterilization more common in married men or women

A

Married women

47
Q

Is IUD more common in developed or developing world?

A

Developing! 15% vs 9%

48
Q

Is condom more popular in developed or undeveloped countries

A

Developed!

49
Q

Most common BC methods in Canada for unmarried women 18-34

A

Condoms and oral contraceptives

50
Q

Sterilization is most common in

A

Older ppl

51
Q

How is birth control related to poverty (long, 5 facts)

A

2/3 of families started by young and unmarried mothers, in the USA, live in povert

In USA, 38% of moms who had kid before age 18 never finish high school

Population growth is happening rapidly and in world’s poorest countries!

of children affects overall education level in family and health outcomes!

Clear link between family planning and a nation’s achievement of developmental goals

52
Q

Personality factors for sexual risk-taking

A

Impulsivity, extroversion, neuroticism

53
Q

Poverty, limited access to contraceptives, substance use/abuse are ______ factors of sexual risktaking

A

Situational

54
Q

IMB MODEL

A

Helps identify factors that impact sexual behaviours

Information
Motivation
Behavioural skills

55
Q

True or false: openness to discussing sexuality positively impacts one’s likeliness of using BC correctly

A

True!

56
Q

Types of abortions: therapeutic abortion. What is?

A

Performed when mother’s life is at risk

Or if pregnancy is likely to cause severe physical or mental health consequences for mother

Or if fetus has congenital disorder with high risk of morbidity

57
Q

Types of abortion: elective abortion

A

Abortion performed for reasons other than maternal or fetal health

Concerns like financial ability to care for child, rape, sexual coercion’s, feeling too young

58
Q

Are both elective and therapeutic abortions legal in canada

A

Yes

59
Q

What year was abortion made illegal in canada?

A

1869

60
Q

What year was SOME abortion legalized in canada

A

1967–but only under very strict guidelines

61
Q

When was abortion truly legalized in canada?

A

1988

62
Q

Who was the doctor activist who fought for abortion? What did he do?

A

Dr. Henry Morgentaler

Even after 1967 he chose to keep performing abortions in his Montreal clinic

63
Q

Where in canada are there most and least abortion clinics?

A

Most: Quebec
Least: Atlantic and Territories (but in Territories, woman can have abortion travel subsidized)

64
Q

Where is abortion illegal?

A

Most of Africa, South America, Central America

65
Q

Where is abortion legal?

A 
North America
Most European countries
China
India
South Africa
66
Q

Do more abortions occur in developing countries or developed countries?

A

83% in developing

67
Q

Unsafe abortion statistics globally????
_______ hospitalization annually
_______ deaths annually
_______ % of maternal deaths worldwide result from unsafe abortions & their complications

A

5 million hospitalizations
70,000 deaths
13% of maternal deaths r from abortions + abortion complications

:(

68
Q

Up to what point in a pregnancy can u perform a medical abortion?

A

9 weeks

69
Q

Drugs used in medical abortion

A

Methotrexate and misoprostol

70
Q

How do medical abortions work??

A

Administrate drugs (methotrexate and misorpostol)
They cause the fetus to stop growing
Within a few days the uterus contracts and expels the fetus

71
Q

Pros and cons of medical abortion

A

Pro: less invasive
Con: side effects

72
Q

Efficacy of medical abortions

A

90-98%

73
Q

These are surgical abortions (just click)

A

Manual vacuum aspiration

Vacuum suction curettage

Dilation and evacuation

74
Q

What are the three types of surgical abortions

A

Manual vacuum aspiration
Vacuum suction curettage
Dilation and evacuation

75
Q

What is manual vacuum aspiration, and up to what point in the pregnancy can it be done?

A

7 weeks

Insert a tube into the uterus and suck everything out

76
Q

Vacuum suction cutterage: how does it work, and what’s the cutoff date?

A

Dilate cervix, insert tube, create suction, scrape uterine lining with curette.
20 weeks

77
Q

Risk of manual vacuum aspiration?

A

Safe and effective

78
Q

Risk of vacuum suction cutterage?

A

Safe and little risk

79
Q

Dilation and evacuation: how does it work, what is the cutoff date?

A

Similar to vacuum suction cutterage, but more complex due to increased size of fetus

13th to 16th week, but up to the 24th week

80
Q

At what point is feticide necessary to conduct an abortion?

A

20th week

81
Q

In a survey of cnadians, approximately what percentage of people were pro-choose and pro-life?

A

52% pro-choose

27% pro-life

82
Q

When was abortion decriminalized?

A

1969, Trudeau gov’t

83
Q

1969: what conditions were necessary for abortion

A

Approval under “therapeutic abortion committee”

84
Q

How did abortion laws change in 1988?

A

It was determined that abortion laws violated the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

85
Q

When was Roe v Wade decided?

A

1973

86
Q

Most unplanned pregnancies result in

A

Either abortion or the woman raising the child herself

87
Q

Are public or private adoptions most common in canada?

A

Private

88
Q

Public/Private Adoptions

Mothers are typically involved in the ______ adoption process and not in the ____ adoption process.

A

mother’s are typically involved in the private adoption process, but not typically involved in the public adoption process.

PSYC 204 (14 decks)

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