Ch7: Contraception & Pregnancy Options Flashcards
Ancient forms of birth control: substances and barrier methods
Which form is popular in Greece?
Egypt?
use of poison?
Greece: Plant named silphium
Egypt: tampons soaked in honey or crocodile poo
Poison was used; mercury and arsenic
Type of sex used as birth control
Intra-crural sex: rubbing peen between thighs instead of inside vagina
[ history of birth control in canada ]
What was happening in the 1890s?
1892: use & sale of contraceptives made illegal under Canadian Criminal Code…(but wealthier women were able to get around this)
Margaret Sanger was an American nurse and activist who coined the term “birth control”
In canada in 1892, what would have been the punishment for selling or using contraceptives?
Up to 2 years in jail
[ history of birth control in canada ]
It’s 1923 now. What’s happening?
First formal contraceptive advocacy group in Vancouver
[ history of birth control in Canada ]
It’s the 30’s. what’s happening?
1932: first birth control clinic opened!
1930s: Parents Information Bureau [southern Ontario] distributed contraceptives to low-income families!
Who was Dorothea Palmer?
Distributed contraceptives to low income families
Arrested, but then won her case stating that she had been working for the public good!
[ history of BC in Canada ]
1960s, what demographic changed birth control public opinion?
BABY BOOM! Population growth out of control, which made birth control more acceptable
[ history of BC in Canada ]
In 1963, what impactful organization was founded?
International Planned Parenthood Federation founded
[ history of BC in Canada ]
In 1968, what did the UN do to change birth control public opinion
UN recognized family planning as a human right
Opposed by religious organizations, esp Catholic Church
Though most Canadians supported it
[ history of BC in Canada ]
1969, Trudeau…
Trudeau government removed birth control from Canadian Criminal Code!!!!!
When were the first condoms developed?
What were they made of
Who did this
The fucking 16th century
Linen
Gabrielle Fallopio
Ok, so condoms were available in the 16th century, but until the 20th century they weren’t widely used. This was because of religious and political agendas, which were…?
Religious: Catholic Church
Political: several plagues»_space;> Europe wanted to repopulate
If a woman has sex freely in one year and uses no contraceptive, the probability of her getting pregnant is __
85%
How do combination hormonal contraceptives work?
Inhibiting ovulation
Altering endometrium
Altering cervical mucous consistency
Failure rate of combination hormonal contraceptive
Perfect: 0.3%
Typical: 8%
How do progestin-only contraceptives work?
May inhibit ovulation
Thin endometrium
Thickens cervical mucous
Failure rate of progestin-only contraceptives?
Mini-pill & depo shot: 0.3% perfect; 8% typical
levonorgestrel-releasing IUS: 0.2%
What are the types of combination hormonal contraceptive
- combination pill
- nuvaring
- transdermal patch
Which 3 birth control methods are progestin-only?
- mini-pill
- depo-provers shot
- LNG-IUS
LNG-IUS stands for…
Levonorgestrel-releasing Intrauterine System
Pros & cons of hormonal contraceptives?
pros: Very effective Regulates cycle Regulates flow Reversible
Cons:
Must be taken regularly
No STI protection
Side effects: weight gain, cancer, mood
Non-hormonal methods (6)
Spermicide Condoms Cervical barrire methods Non-hormonal IUDs surgical methods Natural
Failure rate of IUD?
Perfect use: 0.6%
Most failures occur within first three months
Pros and cons of IUD
Irregular bleeding possibly Increased menstrual flow No STI protection If exposed to STIs, increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease Low risk: expulsion, uterine perforation
Cervical barrier method
Created a barrier to sperm
Efficacy not terribly high, more effective with spermicide
Which BC methods are cervical barrier methods?
Contraceptive sponge
Lea contraceptive
Cervical cap
Diaphragm
Pros and cons of cervical barriers as bc
Pros:
No hormonal side effects
Cons:
Increased risk of TSS
NO STI protection
Unsuitable for those with recurring UTIs and/or vaginal infections
High failure rate, susceptible to human error?
Cervical barrier failure rate for sponge and cap
Perfect use: 6-9%
Typical use: 13-20%
Higher if given birth already
Spermicide failure rate
Perfect use: 18%
Typical use: 29%
Types of spermicide
Film
Suppository
Jellies/creams
Failure rate for female condoms
Perfect use: 5%
Typical use: 21%
Failure rate for male condoms
Perfect use: 2%
Typical use: 15%
Which materials for male condoms have higher rates of slippage and breakage
Polyurethane and silicone
Surgical birth control methods
Female: tubal ligation
Male: vasectomy
Failure rate of tubal ligation
0.5%
Failure rate of vasectomy
0.05% (after clearance given)
What is cut during a vasectomy
Severance of vas deferens
Natural methods include abstinence, withdrawal, and 3 others. What are they?
Lactation amenorrhea
Sympto-Thermal Approach
Rhythm method
Sympto-thermal approach: how does it work?
Woman charts basal body temperature, cervical position, and mucus to determine when she’s fertile
0.2*C spike in temperature
Failure rate of sympto-thermal approach?
Typical use: 80%
Perfect: 91-99%
Rhythm method:how does it work
Calendar-based; fertile time is calculated based on length of previous twelve cycles
Con: cycle and ovulation can be unpredictable in times of stress/hormonal change
Standard-days method
Variation of rhythm method
More accurate, perf use 95%
Lactational amenorrhea
Breastfeeding suppresses ovulation
98% effective!
Withdrawal failure rate
4%
Is sterilization more common in married men or women
Married women
Is IUD more common in developed or developing world?
Developing! 15% vs 9%
Is condom more popular in developed or undeveloped countries
Developed!
Most common BC methods in Canada for unmarried women 18-34
Condoms and oral contraceptives
Sterilization is most common in
Older ppl
How is birth control related to poverty (long, 5 facts)
2/3 of families started by young and unmarried mothers, in the USA, live in povert
In USA, 38% of moms who had kid before age 18 never finish high school
Population growth is happening rapidly and in world’s poorest countries!
of children affects overall education level in family and health outcomes!
Clear link between family planning and a nation’s achievement of developmental goals
Personality factors for sexual risk-taking
Impulsivity, extroversion, neuroticism
Poverty, limited access to contraceptives, substance use/abuse are ______ factors of sexual risktaking
Situational
IMB MODEL
Helps identify factors that impact sexual behaviours
Information
Motivation
Behavioural skills
True or false: openness to discussing sexuality positively impacts one’s likeliness of using BC correctly
True!
Types of abortions: therapeutic abortion. What is?
Performed when mother’s life is at risk
Or if pregnancy is likely to cause severe physical or mental health consequences for mother
Or if fetus has congenital disorder with high risk of morbidity
Types of abortion: elective abortion
Abortion performed for reasons other than maternal or fetal health
Concerns like financial ability to care for child, rape, sexual coercion’s, feeling too young
Are both elective and therapeutic abortions legal in canada
Yes
What year was abortion made illegal in canada?
1869
What year was SOME abortion legalized in canada
1967–but only under very strict guidelines
When was abortion truly legalized in canada?
1988
Who was the doctor activist who fought for abortion? What did he do?
Dr. Henry Morgentaler
Even after 1967 he chose to keep performing abortions in his Montreal clinic
Where in canada are there most and least abortion clinics?
Most: Quebec
Least: Atlantic and Territories (but in Territories, woman can have abortion travel subsidized)
Where is abortion illegal?
Most of Africa, South America, Central America
Where is abortion legal?
North America Most European countries China India South Africa
Do more abortions occur in developing countries or developed countries?
83% in developing
Unsafe abortion statistics globally????
_______ hospitalization annually
_______ deaths annually
_______ % of maternal deaths worldwide result from unsafe abortions & their complications
5 million hospitalizations
70,000 deaths
13% of maternal deaths r from abortions + abortion complications
:(
Up to what point in a pregnancy can u perform a medical abortion?
9 weeks
Drugs used in medical abortion
Methotrexate and misoprostol
How do medical abortions work??
Administrate drugs (methotrexate and misorpostol)
They cause the fetus to stop growing
Within a few days the uterus contracts and expels the fetus
Pros and cons of medical abortion
Pro: less invasive
Con: side effects
Efficacy of medical abortions
90-98%
These are surgical abortions (just click)
Manual vacuum aspiration
Vacuum suction curettage
Dilation and evacuation
What are the three types of surgical abortions
Manual vacuum aspiration
Vacuum suction curettage
Dilation and evacuation
What is manual vacuum aspiration, and up to what point in the pregnancy can it be done?
7 weeks
Insert a tube into the uterus and suck everything out
Vacuum suction cutterage: how does it work, and what’s the cutoff date?
Dilate cervix, insert tube, create suction, scrape uterine lining with curette.
20 weeks
Risk of manual vacuum aspiration?
Safe and effective
Risk of vacuum suction cutterage?
Safe and little risk
Dilation and evacuation: how does it work, what is the cutoff date?
Similar to vacuum suction cutterage, but more complex due to increased size of fetus
13th to 16th week, but up to the 24th week
At what point is feticide necessary to conduct an abortion?
20th week
In a survey of cnadians, approximately what percentage of people were pro-choose and pro-life?
52% pro-choose
27% pro-life
When was abortion decriminalized?
1969, Trudeau gov’t
1969: what conditions were necessary for abortion
Approval under “therapeutic abortion committee”
How did abortion laws change in 1988?
It was determined that abortion laws violated the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
When was Roe v Wade decided?
1973
Most unplanned pregnancies result in
Either abortion or the woman raising the child herself
Are public or private adoptions most common in canada?
Private
Public/Private Adoptions
Mothers are typically involved in the ______ adoption process and not in the ____ adoption process.
mother’s are typically involved in the private adoption process, but not typically involved in the public adoption process.
