17 Flashcards
According to the RCMP, ___ people are trafficked in and thru canada each year
800-1200
Risk factors of sex trafficking
Poverty
Domestic violence
High crime
Sexual assault risk factors
Being a woman: 7x more likely than men
Indigenous individuals: 3x more likely
Non-straight people: 5x more likely
Uni-aged women
Rape trauma syndrome has 2 phases…name & describe them
Acute phase: immediately after assault
- 1-2 months
- intense fear, anger, depression, disbelief, self-blame
Reorganizational phase: months-years post-assault
* victim attempting to take control, may even make positive changes while re-gaining sense of control
Average recovery time from sexual assault
Most victims feel like they’ve recovered within 5 years
1/3 have substantial difficulty that continues beyond five years
Sex offenders likely to offend if
- they lack social support
- they misuse drugs
- have access to victims
Cultures with this factor show higher rates of sexual assault
Greater gender inequity
Greater intolerance regarding sexual orientation
Are anti-sexual assault policies actually effective?
Absolutely. They must be specific and clear. A lack of such policies is associated with higher prevalence of sexual assaults.
How many of accused sexual offenders are male?
97%
Core risk factors of sexual offenders! (5)
- Intimacy Deficits
- Offence-supporting social influences
- Offence-supportive attitudes
- Limited sexual self-regulation
- Limited general self-regulation
Lalumiere: personal characteristics, etiology of sexually assaultive behaviour
- “young male syndrome”
- willingness to engage in risky violent competitive behaviour to assert dominance
- competitive disadvantage
- young children disadvantaged early in life from “neurodevelopmental insults”
- psychopathy
- psychopathic bhvr more likely to be premeditated than reactive
Perpetrators seek vulnerable women
Victims often have these characteristics:
- poor psychological adjustment
- be insecure in relationships
- have been victims previously
What is effective for preventing sexual victimization against women?
- self-defence training
- assertiveness training
- verbal and physical resistance! (Screaming, biting, hitting)
What isn’t effective in preventing sexual violence?
Non-forceful verbal resistance strategies, such as pleading, crying, and reasoning
Post-rape, what forensic evidence can be collected? What medical treatments are necessary? What is the window for these procedures?
Collecting internal forensic samples
medications to prevent HIV/AIDS and other STI’s
Plan B
72 hours
Legal penalty for sexual assault
18 months and/or $5,000 fine
- 10 years in prison
Sexual assault with a weapon
MAXIMUM PENALTY of 14 years
Aggravated sexual assault (perpetrator wounds, disfigures, or endangers life of victim)
Maximum sentence of life in prison
In Canada, what is the median sentence for sexual assault?
360 days
Vs. 540 days for robbery
What percentage of men have been victims of sexual assault?
0.2% - 30%
Average age range for men sexually assaulted by men
Victim is usually under 15
When men are assaulted by female perpetrators, what is the average age range?
18-22
When men get sexually assaulted…
They are more likely to be physically hurt, verbally pressured, or given alcohol/drugs by male perpetrators.
T/F?
False! Those are equally likely between both male and female perpetrators
Childhood sexual abuse prevalence estimates? (1 for each gender)
- 8% of men
15. 2% of women
Mental conditions child abuse is related to:
Depression Anxiety PTSD Sexual dysfunction Interpersonal problems in adulthood
Sexual harassment is more common for:
- low-paying/less secure jobs
- racial minorities
- religious minorities
- LGLBTQ+ people
- disabled people
Theories about why sexual harassment occurs
Sociocultural theory
Gender inequity and sexism in a society lead to harassment
Organizational theory of sexual harassment
Power and status inequalities lead to harassment
Sex-role spillover theory of sexual theory
Differences in gender-based expectations of roles
Natural/biological theory of sexual harassment
Men’s strong drive to be sexually aggressive and use power to gain access to sex
Four-factor theory of sexual harassment
Best supported
Four key conditions that must be present for harassment to occur
1) motivation to harass
2) overcome cognitive inhibitions not do the harassment
3) overcome cultural/societal inhibitions not to harass
4) overcome resistance by the victim
Prevalence of stalking by gender
12-16% of women
4-7% of men
Is stalking traumatic?
Yes!! Its chronicity means that it can have serious consequences for mental health
Average characteristics of stalkers
75% of stalkers are male
35-40 years of age (older than other criminals)
Often have other psychological problems
Legal sanctions for stalking
<10 years
Peace bond
Restraining orders
