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PSYC 101 > Ch.6 Memory > Flashcards

Ch.6 Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A

active system that receives information from the senses, puts it into a usable form, and organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves it from storage

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2
Q

processes of memory

A

encoding, storage, retrieval

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3
Q

information processing model

A

assumes information for memory is processed similarly to a computer; data encoded to be read

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4
Q

parallel distributed processing (PDP) model

A

creation & storage of memories taking place across a series of mental networks “stretched” across the brain (network of neural connections); memory is a simultaneous process

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5
Q

3-stage process of memory

A

sensory–>short-term–>long-term

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6
Q

sensory memory

A

1st stage of memory where information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems (i.e. eyes, ears, skin)

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7
Q

iconic sensory memory

A

visual sensory memory, lasting a fraction of a second; helps the visual system to view surroundings as continuous and stable in spite of saccadic movements

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8
Q

masking

A

information has entered iconic memory will be pushed out very quickly by new information

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9
Q

eidetic imagery

A

ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more

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10
Q

echoic sensory memory

A

brief memory of something a person has just heard; info that’s heard but not understood; info held long enough until brain decides if message is important
–> duration: 4 sec

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11
Q

short-term memory

A

information is held for brief periods of time while being used

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12
Q

selective attention

A

ability to focus on one stimulus from among all sensory input

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13
Q

working memory

A

active system that processes the information in short-term memory

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14
Q

chunking

A

process of recording or reorganizing to “find” the STM; combines info into meaningful units/chunks so that more information can be held

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15
Q

long-term memory

A

memory system into which all info is placed to be kept more or less permanently; unlimited capacity
–> maintenance rehearsal
–> physical change in the amygdala
–> info encoded in meaningful form

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16
Q

nondeclarative or procedural LTM

A

Memory for skills, procedures, habits, conditioned responses
-emotional association
-implicit memory: not easily retrieved into conscious awareness

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17
Q

declarative LTM

A

LTM containing info that is conscious and known
-semantic & episodic

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18
Q

semantic

A

LTM of general knowledge (I.e. language in formal education)
–> Info stored in brain in a connected fashion, with concepts physically closer to each other

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19
Q

episodic

A

LTM where personal info not readily available & is updated & revised constantly

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20
Q

encoding specificity

A

connection between surrounding & remembered info

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21
Q

state-dependent learning

A

memories formed during a particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to remember while in a similar state

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22
Q

retrieval cue

A

a stimulus for remembering

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23
Q

Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes. They are _________.

A

receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage

24
Q

Which model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function?

A

information-processing model

25
Q

The fleeting images we see as we look out the car window occur in _________.

A

sensory memory

26
Q

According to Baddeley, which memory system is best conceived of as three interrelated systems: central executive, visual sketchpad, and auditory recorder?

A

working memory

27
Q

Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in short-term memory through the process of _________.

A

chunking

28
Q

Maintenance rehearsal is defined as _________.

A

repeating some bit of information over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short-term memory

29
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

method of transferring information
from STM to LTM by making that
information meaningful in some way.

–>Connect new info with something well-
known. (i.e. learning foreign language)
–>Deeper kind of rehearsal.
–>Better long-term storage.

30
Q

The portion of memory that is more or less permanent is called____________

A

long-term memory

31
Q

Which type of long-term memory is most difficult to bring into conscious awareness?

A

procedural/non-declarative

32
Q

In the game show Jeopardy! contestants are tested on general information. The type of memory used to answer these kinds of questions is _________.

A

semantic

33
Q

Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms.

A

*Long-term memory is the system in which memories that are to be kept more or less permanently are stored and is unlimited in capacity and relatively permanent in duration.Information that is more deeply processed, or processed according to meaning, will be retained and retrieved more efficiently.

*Nondeclarative, or implicit, memories are memories for skills, habits, and conditioned responses. Declarative, or explicit, memories are memories for general facts and personal experiences and include both semantic memories and episodic memories.

*Implicit memories are difficult to bring into conscious awareness, whereas explicit memories are those that a person is aware of possessing.

*LTM is organized in the form of semantic networks, or nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge.

34
Q

Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory

A

Short-term memory is where information is held while it is conscious and being used. It holds about three to five items of information and lasts about 30 seconds without rehearsal.

–>Whereas STM refers to simple storage of information, working memory involves manipulation of the information within STM; working memory consists of three interrelated systems: a central executive, a visuospatial sketchpad, and a phonological loop.

*STM can be lost through failure to rehearse, decay, interference by similar information, and the intrusion of new information into the STM system, which pushes older information out.

35
Q

Identify the effects of cues on memory retrieval.

A

*Retrieval cues are words, meanings, sounds, and other stimuli that are encoded at the same time as a new memory.

*Encoding specificity occurs when context-dependent information becomes encoded as retrieval cues for specific memories.

*State-dependent learning occurs when physiological or psychological states become encoded as retrieval cues for memories formed while in those states.

36
Q

recall

A

type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” out of memory with few or no cues

37
Q

recognition

A

matching info w/ facts

38
Q

serial position effect (primacy or recency effect)

A

when the first items and the last items in a list of information are recalled more efficiently than items in the middle of the list

39
Q

automatic encoding

A

tendency for certain kinds of info to enter long-term memory with little or no effort encoding

40
Q

constructive processing

A

memory retrieval process in which memories are “built” or reconstructed from info stored during encoding

41
Q

misinformation effect

A

happens when person’s recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event info

42
Q

hindsight bias (knew-it-all-along effect)

A

tendency of people to overestimate ability to predict an outcome that couldn’t possibly have been predicted

–>after something happens, we feel we already knew what was going to happen

43
Q

false memory syndrome

A

creation of false memories through the suggestion of others, often while the person is under hypnosis

–> individuals are given info that helps them believe the event happened

–> events remembered must be plausible

44
Q

false positive

A

error of recognition in which people think
that they recognize some stimulus that is not
actually in memory

45
Q

flashbulb memories

A

automatic encoding that occurs because an
unexpected event has strong emotional
association for the person remembering it

emotional reactions stimulate release of
hormones that enhance formation of LTM.
(adrenal medulla – epinephrine & adrenal
cortex – cortisol)

46
Q

memory trace decay theory

A

when the passage of time leads to disuse of memories

memory trace : physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is
formed.
decay : Loss of memory due to the passage of time.–> In LTM, decay is usually called DISUSE

47
Q

interference theory

A

memory though available cannot be accessed because other information
interferes.

48
Q

proactive interference

A

memory retrieval problem; occurs when older information prevents or interferes
with the retrieval of newer information. (i.e. Name of new employee)

49
Q

retroactive interference

A

memory retrieval problem; newer information prevents or interferes with the
retrieval of older information. (Small to big computer then back to small again?)

50
Q

Engram (physical aspect of memory)

A

physical change that takes place in the brain when a memory is
formed.

51
Q

Prefrontal cortex & Temporal lobe

A

storage of STM
(Frontal lobe) semantic and episodic LTM

52
Q

consolidation

A

changes that take place in the structure and functioning of
neurons when an engram is formed.

*increase in neural connections

53
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards

–>lost past.

54
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories. could be
temporary as in concussion.

–> senile dementia

55
Q

infantile amnesia

A

Inability to retrieve memories from much before
age 3

56
Q

autobiographical memory

A

Memory for events and facts
related to one’s personal life story.

PSYC 101 (9 decks)

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