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PSYC 101 > Ch. 8 Development > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Development Flashcards

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1
Q

human development

A

scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death

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2
Q

nature vs. nurture

A

heredity, the influence of inherited characteristics on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions VS. the influence of the environment on all of those same things (i.e. parenting styles, physical surroundings, economic factors)

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3
Q

cross-sectional design

A

diff participants of various ages are compared at one point in time to determine age-related differences

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4
Q

longitudinal design

A

same participants are studied at various ages to determine age-related changes
–>cohort effect

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5
Q

cross-sequential design

A

diff participants of various ages are compared to several points in time to determine age-related differences AND age-related changes

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6
Q

Behavioral genetics methods

A

study that focuses on nature vs nurture, established causal relationships b/ween genes and behavior

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7
Q

cohort effect

A

impact on development that occurs when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience

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8
Q

genetics

A

science of heredity

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9
Q

DNA

A

molecule containing genetic material, made up of sequences of amines (genes)

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10
Q

amines

A

organic structures that contain the genetic codes for building the proteins that make up organic life (hair coloring, muscle, and skin, for example) and that control the life of each cell.

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11
Q

chromosomes

A

tightly wound strands of DNA
–> 23 from each parent
–> 22 autosomes determine characteristics, 1 determines gender

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12
Q

dominant gene

A

gene that actively controls a trait’s expression

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13
Q

recessive gene

A

gene that only influences a trait expression when paired with an identical gene

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14
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

all traits controlled by more than one pair of genes

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15
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg cell that divides into many cells and forms the baby

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16
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

formed when the zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which will develop into a baby identical to the other.

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17
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

formed when the mother’s body releases multiple eggs and at least two are fertilized or when another ovulation occurs even though the mother has already become pregnant.

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18
Q

3 stages of prenatal development

A

germinal (first 2 weeks of pregnancy where cells move into uterus) , embryonic (2-8 weeks when vital organs and structures of the baby form), fetal (9 weeks-birth where tremendous growth occurs, length and weight increase, and organs continue to become fully functional)

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19
Q

4 critical areas of newborn adjustment

A

respiration, digestion, circulation, and temperature regulation

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20
Q

reflexes

A

innate involuntary behavior that allows infants to interact w/ the environment (grasping, startle/moro, rooting, stepping, sucking)

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21
Q

sensory development (most developed to least function)

A

touch, smell, taste, hearing, vision (poor color perception until 6 mos)

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22
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared away to make way for functioning connections and cells

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23
Q

Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor: Children form schemes (mental concepts) as they experience new situations and events

Preoperational: Assimilation—children learn new things in terms of schemes they already possess

Concrete operations: Accommodation

Formal operations: Altering and adjusting old schemes to fit new information and experiences

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24
Q

Vygotsky’s The Importance of Being There

A

Role of others in cognitive development

Emphasized on social interactions

Scaffolding –> more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable

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25
Q

Stages of Language Development

A

1.Cooing (2 mos)
2.Babbling (6 mos)
3. One-word speech (before 1 yr)
4. Holophrase—whole phrase in 1 word
5. Telegraphic speech (1.5 yrs)
6.Whole sentences

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26
Q

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

A

Difference b/ween what a child can do alone and what the child can do with the help of a teacher

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27
Q

Temperament

A

behavioral characteristics that are fairly well-established at birth

Easy—regular schedule, adaptable, happy, easily soothed when distressed

Difficult—irregular schedule, unhappy about change, loud, active, crabby

Slow to warm-up—less grumpy, quieter, slow to adapt to change

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28
Q

Attachment

A

emotional bond between an infant and primary caregiver; forms in 1st 6 mos

Secure—willing to let go of mom, happily explored going back to mom now & then. Upset when mom left, happy when she came back

Avoidant—willing to explore, did not touch base, reacts very little to mom

Ambivalent—mixed feelings; clinging & unwilling; welcomed mom but pushed her away

Disorganized-disoriented—not decided how to react; approach mom but eyes turned away

Mom’s behavior affect infant’s attachment

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29
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

A

Stages –> 1st yr of life, 2nd year, 3rd-5th, 6th yr-puberty, adolescence, early adulthood, middle age, aging yrs

Crisis–> 1) trust vs. mistrust, 2) autonomy vs. doubt, 3) initiative vs. guilt, 4) industry vs. inferiority, 5) identity vs. confusion, 6) intimacy vs. isolation, 7) generativity vs. self absorption, 8) integrity vs. despair

favorable outcome–> 1)faith in env and future events, 2) sense of self control and adequacy, 3) ability to be a “self-starter”, to initiate one’s own activities, 4) ability to learn how things work, to understand and organize, 5) seeing oneself as a unique and integrated person, ) ability to make commitments to others, 6) concern for family and society in general, 7) a sense of integrity and fulfillment, 8) willingness to face death

unfavorable outcome–> 1) suspicion, fear of future events, 2) feelings of shame and self-doubt, 3) a sense of guilt and inadequacy to be one’s own, 4) a sense of inferiority at understanding & organizing, 5) confusion over who and what one really is, 6) inability to form affectionate relationship, 7) concern only for self–one’s own well being and prosperity, 8) dissatisfaction with life; despair over death

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30
Q

The scientific study of changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death
is called gerontology

A

false

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31
Q

A researcher who studies different age groups, or cohorts, at one time is using the cross-
sectional design

A

true

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32
Q

Nature refers to “heredity” and nurture refers to “influence from the environment.”

A

true

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33
Q

To summarize the research on “nature versus nurture,” all that people are, and all that
people become, is the product of an interaction between nature and nurture

A

true

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34
Q

Chromosomes are located on rod-shaped structures called genes

A

true

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35
Q

Most characteristics are determined by 25 pairs of chromosomes called autosomes

A

false; 23

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36
Q

Recessive genes are more active in influencing a trait

A

false

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37
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome is a chromosome disorder resulting from an XXY pattern of the 23rd
chromosomes, causing reduced male characteristics and obesity.

A

true

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38
Q

An extra chromosome in the 20th pair results in Down Syndrome.

A

false; 21st

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39
Q

Dizygotic twins develop when a fertilized egg divides into two parts that develop into
separate embryos

A

false

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40
Q

Identical twins are also called monozygotic twins

A

true

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41
Q

The germinal period begins at conception and ends when the organism firmly attaches to
the wall of the uterus

A

true

42
Q

Critical periods are times when the environment can influence the development of the
embryo.

A

true

43
Q

A teratogen is any factor that can cause a birth defect

A

true

44
Q

The most common time for a spontaneous abortion, or miscarriage, is during the third
trimester

A

false

45
Q

Reflexes help infants to survive

A

true

46
Q

The least functional of all the senses at birth is hearing

A

false; vision

47
Q

After finally being able to raise the head and chest, the infant is likely to develop next the motor skill of sitting up without support, according to the six identified motor milestones

A

false

48
Q

A scheme is a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events

A

true

49
Q

Conservation is the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight

A

false; conservation is the ability to understand that changing the appearance of something doesn’t change the nature of it

50
Q

Centration is Piaget’s concept, which is the inability to see the world through another person’s eyes

A

false

51
Q

By the time a child enters the concrete operational stage of cognitive development, he or
she is capable of grasping the concept of conservation

A

true

52
Q

Scaffolding involves a higher skilled person helping another lesser skilled person learn a
new task. As the lesser skilled person becomes more masterful at the task, the higher
skilled person withdraws his/her help as the lesser skilled person improves at the task

A

true

53
Q

Temperament is thought to be fairly well established since birth

A

true

54
Q

According to Mary Ainsworth’s research on attachment, the four attachment styles are
secure, ambivalent, avoidant, and disorganized-disoriented

A

true

55
Q

Harlow’s study involving rhesus monkeys demonstrated that contact comfort is important
in attachment.

A

true

56
Q

In puberty, only the primary sex characteristics in the body reach their peak

A

false

57
Q

Growth spurts for girls happen around age 12 and age 10 for boys

A

false; age 10 for girls and 12 for boys

58
Q

The concept of a personal fable is when an adolescent believes (s)he is unique and
cannot be harmed

A

true

59
Q

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development are concrete operational, formal operational, and
sensorimotor

A

false

60
Q

Most people’s vision and hearing remain at peak functioning until around age 50

A

false

61
Q

Menopause is the cessation of the menstrual cycle and ovulation

A

true

62
Q

Andropause usually begins in the forties and is marked by a decrease in hormone
production and physical changes such as reduced sperm count

A

true

63
Q

According to Erikson, middle adulthood is the time when individuals struggle with
generativity versus stagnation

A

true

64
Q

A permissive, neglectful parent is often overly involved with their children.

A

false

65
Q

The cellular clock theory of aging suggests that cells have an unlimited number of times
they can reproduce and repair damage

A

false

66
Q

The wear-and-tear theory of aging suggests that unstable oxygen molecules cause damage
to the structure of cells, increasing with age

A

false

67
Q

The activity theory suggests that the more involved adolescents stay in hobbies until they
turn into adults, the more likely they are to be happy

A

false

68
Q

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross identified exactly three stages of dying: anger, depression, and
acceptance

A

false

69
Q

Discuss the terms nature and nurture as they pertain to human development.

A
70
Q

What is the difference between a dominant and recessive gene?

A
71
Q

What causes Down syndrome and what are its effects?

A
72
Q

Describe two reflexes that are present at birth.

A
73
Q

Explain the adolescent concepts of the personal fable and imaginary audience.

A

**personal fable–type of thought common to adolescents where young people believe themselves to be one of a kind
–> may feel that they are somehow protected from the dangers of the world and so do not take the precautions that they should.

**imaginary audience–ype of thought common to adolescents where young people believe other people are concerned about their thoughts & characteristics; everyone is watching them & they’re at the center of everyone else’s world (intense self-consciousness)

74
Q

Explain the terms climacteric, perimenopause, and menopause.

A

climacteric–gradual changes of ovarian function that start before menopause and continue after menopause for a while

perimenopause–the 5-10 yrs over which climacteric changes occur

menopause–cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycle

75
Q

Explain the wear-and-tear theory of aging.

A

the body’s organs and cell tissues simply wear out with repeated use and abuse

–> i.e. collagen loses elasticity, skin becomes more wrinked and saggy as we age

76
Q

List, in order, the five stages of dying as proposed by Kübler-Ross’s model.

A

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

77
Q

Distinguish the major research methods used in the field of human development and
provide examples of each. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

A

longitudinal: one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group age
–>advantage: looking at real age-related changes as those changes occur in the same individuals
–> disadvantages: lengthy amount of time, money, and effort involved in following participants over the years, as well as the loss of participants when they move away, lose interest, or die.

cross-sectional: several different age groups are studied at one time
–.advantages: quick, relatively inexpensive, and easier to accomplish than the longitudinal design.
–>disadvantage is that the study no longer compares an individual to that same individual as he or she ages; instead, individuals of different ages are being compared to one another. Differences between age groups are often a problem in developmental research

cross-sequential: combo of longitudinal & cross-sectional; several diff age groups assessed at diff times

78
Q

What is the critical period? What are teratogens? List four common teratogens and
discuss their effects on development.

A

The critical period is where harmful exposures during the first trimester have the greatest chance of causing
major birth defects

Teratogens are agents that cause an abnormality following fetal exposure during pregnancy.

Teratogens:
* Cocaine: Decreased height, low birth weight, respiratory problems, seizures, learning
difficulties; infant is difficult to soothe
* Alcohol: Fetal alcohol syndrome (intellectual disability, delayed growth, facial
malformation), learning difficulties, smaller than normal head
* Nicotine: Miscarriage, low birth weight, stillbirth, short stature, intellectual disability,
learning disabilities
* Caffeine: Miscarriage, low birth weight
Radiation Higher incidence of cancers, physical deformities

79
Q

Summarize Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development and the major milestones
accomplished and limitations at each stage.

A
  1. Sensorimotor (birth-2)==> children explore the world using senses & movement; object permanence & understanding that concepts and mental images= people, objects, events
  2. Preoperational (2-7)==> children can mentally represent and refer to objects & events with words, pictures, or pretend; can’t conserve, reason, or consider many object characteristics at once
  3. Concrete operations (7-12)==> able to conserve, reverse thinking, and classify objects; can think logically & understand analogies (only take things literally)
  4. Formal operations (12-adulthood)==> abstract reasoning about hypotheticals, logical possibilities, abstract analogies, systematically examine & test hypotheses
80
Q

Summarize Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development. Provide an example for
each stage that describes successful resolution of each stage.

A
  1. infant (birth-1)–learns basic sense of trust dependent upon how needs are met (trust vs. mistrust)
    –> success: develop sense of trust and expect needs to be met in the future
    –> limitations: develop mistrust and don’t expect needs to be met
  2. toddler (1-3)–understand how to control own actions (autonomy vs. shame/self-doubt)
    –> success: controlling own actions= develop independence
    –>limitations: independence attempts blocked= sense of self-doubt & shame
  3. preschool (3-5)–learn to take responsibility for own behavior, develop self control (initiative vs. guilt/irresponsibility/anxiety)
    –>success: feel capable and develop sense of initiative
    –> limitations: feel irresponsible, anxious, and develop a sense of guilt
  4. elementary (5-12)–learn new skills in academic & social worlds and compare themselves to others to measure success or failure (industry vs. inferiority)
    –> success: feel competent and improve sef-esteem
    –>limitations: feel like they failed in learning skills, feel inferior to others
  5. adolescence (13-early 20s)–must decide who they are, what they believe, and what they want (identity vs. role confusion)
    –> success: stable sense of identity
    –> limitations: confusion & isolation from others or try to be like everyone else (instead of adopting own identity)
  6. early adulthood (20s-30s)–finding a person to share their identity with in an ongoing, close, personal relationship (intimacy vs. isolation)
    –> success: fulfilling relationship (s) founded on psychological intimacy
    –> limitations: isolation and experience loneliness, even in shallow relationships with others
  7. middle adulthood (40s-50s)–find a way to be creative and productive to nurture next gen (generativity vs. stagnation)
    –> success: have legacy for future
    –> limitations: remain stagnated, self-centered, feel like they haven’t made a difference
  8. late adulthood (60s-beyond)–coming to terms w/ end of life & acceptance of life
    –> success: “let go” of regrets, sense of completion, death as last stage of full life
    –> limitations: cannot let go of regrets, sense of having left things until too late; see death as too soon
81
Q

Summarize Kübler-Ross’s five stages of death and dying. How are they experienced?

A

denial–people refuse to believe validity of diagnosis of death

anger–feeling helpless to change things, anger at death itself

bargaining–try to make a deal with doctors or God

depression–sadness from losses experienced

acceptance–quietly await death

82
Q

________ refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences
a. nature; nurture
b. Cognition; emotion
c. Nurture; behavioral genetics
d. Cross-sectional; longitudinal

A

a. nature; nurture

83
Q

Which of the following is defined as a gene that controls the appearance of a certain trait?

a. recessive
b. mutated
c. recombinant
d. dominant

A

d. dominant

84
Q

Infant reflexes are ______
a. innate involuntary behavior patterns
b. voluntary behavior patterns
c. learned
d. not used as a means for survival

A

a. innate involuntary behavior patterns

85
Q

Christa and Sal are anticipating the birth of their first baby. Before the baby arrives, they
want to fix up the nursery with new wallpaper. They seek the advice of a developmental
psychologist. What is she likely to tell them?

a. Newborns prefer to look at complex three-dimensional patterns rather than simple one-dimensional
ones.
b. Newborns prefer to look at animals rather than people.
c. Newborns do not see well enough to make any difference.
d. Newborns prefer to look at simple one-dimensional patterns rather than complex ones

A

a. Newborns prefer to look at complex three-dimensional patterns rather than simple one-dimensional
ones.

86
Q

A baby’s language, which consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations, is called
a.cooing
b. holophrasing
c. telegraphic speech
d. babbling

A

d. babbling

87
Q

Which of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial crises revolves around the child’s learning to direct
his or her own behavior?

a. trust versus mistrust
b. initiative versus guilt
c. industry versus inferiority
d. autonomy versus shame and doubt

A

d. autonomy versus shame and doubt

88
Q

Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of ______
a. conventional morality
b. preconventional morality
c. principled morality
d. postconventional morality

A

b. preconventional morality

89
Q

The period of five to ten years during which a woman’s reproductive system begins to
decline is called _______
a. climacteric
b. perimenopause
c. menopause
d. postmenopause

A

b. perimenopause

90
Q

The theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain
active in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby, is called _______
a. activity theory
b. wear-and-tear theory
c. disengagement theory
d. cellular clock theory

A

a. activity theory

91
Q

The correct sequence of the five stages of death and dying postulated by Kübler-Ross is ____
a. denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
b. denial, anger, bargaining, acceptance, and depression
c. anger, denial, bargaining, acceptance, and depression
d. anger, denial, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

A

a. denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

92
Q

In a __________design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group
ages
a. cohort
b. longitudinal
c. behavior genetics
d. cross-sectiona

A

b. longitudinal

93
Q

A(n) ______________________ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines.
a. compound
b. gene
c. chromosome
d. amine

A

b. gene

94
Q

_____ develop when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm,
resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time
a. Monozygotic twins
b. Fraternal twins
c. Dizygotic twins
d. Wombmates

A

c. dizygotic twins

95
Q

Which of the following describes the embryonic period?
a. the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
b. the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
c. the period during which the umbilical cord develops
d. the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become
functional

A

b. the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop

96
Q

At birth, newborns seem most responsive to ______
a. high pitches and low pitches
b. hip hop music
c. moderate voice pitches
d. rock and roll music

A

a. high pitches and low pitches

97
Q

Piaget’s term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is ___
a. conservation
b. object permanence
c. centration
d. egocentrism

A

b. object permanence

98
Q

According to Thomas and Chess, a child that is very irregular in sleeping and eating,
resists change, and tends to be loud is labeled a(n) _____________ child

a. easy
b. difficult
c. slow-to-warm-up
d. negative

A

b. difficult

99
Q

The period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties, during which a young person is
no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult, is called

a. adolescence
b. tweens
c. young adulthood
d. puberty

A

a. adolescence

100
Q

Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of___
a. identity
b. intimacy
c. generativity
d. autonomy

A

a. identity

101
Q

According to Erikson, an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the
ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining one’s sense of self, is called ____
a. bonding
b. intimacy
c. attachment
d. attraction

A

b. intimacy

102
Q
A

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