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PSYC 101 > Ch. 4 Consciousness > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

consciousness

A

one’s awareness of everything going around them at any given moment

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2
Q

waking consciousness

A

thoughts, feelings, sensations are clear, organized, and person is alert

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3
Q

altered state of consciousness

A

thoughts fuzzy and disorganized, less alertness, bizarre thoughts

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4
Q

What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night?

A

There is an organ in the brain (suprachiasmatic nucleus/SCN) sensitive to light changes, which then affects our sleepiness.

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5
Q

circadian rhythms

A

sleep-wake cycle that occurs over a 24-hr period, controlled by an area in the hypothalamus

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6
Q

serotonin

A
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7
Q

adaptive theory of sleep

A

animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid
predators by sleeping when predators are most active

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8
Q

restorative theory of sleep

A

sleep is necessary and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage

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9
Q

Which statement is correct concerning how much sleep people need?

Men need more sleep than women.
Most young adults need between 7 and 9 hours of sleep.
Most older people need at least 10 hours.
Women need more sleep than men.

A

Most young adults need between 7 and 9 hours of sleep.

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10
Q

EEG (brain activity while sleeping)

A

beta waves–> small, fast and wide awake
alpha waves –> larger, slower, relax, drowsy
theta waves–> even larger and slower

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11
Q

NREM (non-Rapid Eye Movement)

A

deeper, more restful sleep
–first 4 stages of sleep

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12
Q

hypnagogic images

A

vivid visual elements, realistic, could be a dream, flashes of light

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13
Q

hypnopompic images

A

dreamlike image, often vivid and resembling a hallucination, sometimes accompanied by sleep paralysis, experienced by a person

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14
Q

REM

A

body temp increases, eyes move rapidly under the eyelids, heart beats faster, brain waves resemble beta waves, 90% of dreaming happens

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15
Q

sleep disorders

A

nightmares, REM behavior disorder, sleep walking/somnambulism, night terrors, insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, nocturnal leg cramps, hypersomnia, circadian rhythm disorders, enuresis

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16
Q

nightmares

A

bad dreams occurring during REM

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17
Q

REM behavior disorder

A

rare disorder where someone to move during REM and act out a dream

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18
Q

night terrors

A

extreme fear and screams or runs around during

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19
Q

insomnia

A

inability to get to sleep, stay asleep or get a good quality of sleep

psych causes: worrying, trying too hard to sleep, anxiety

physical causes: too much caffeine, indigestion, aches & pain

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20
Q

sleep apnea

A

person stops breathing for nearly half a minute, person not rested, can cause heart problems, obesity primary cause

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21
Q

narcolepsy

A

person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning

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22
Q

nocturnal leg cramps

A

painful cramps in calf or foot muscles

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23
Q

hypersomnia

A

excessive daytime sleepiness

24
Q

circadian rhythm disorders

A

disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle such as jet lag

25
Q

enuresis

A

urinating while asleep in bed

26
Q

manifest content

A

the actual dream itself

27
Q

latent content

A

the hidden meaning of the dream expressed only in symbols

28
Q

activation-synthesis hypothesis

A

dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep; less realistic and comes from memories & past experiences

–> dreams are products of activity in the pons

29
Q

activation information-mode model (AIM)

A

information that is accessed during the waking hrs can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams

30
Q

hypnosis

A

state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion

31
Q

facts about hypnosis

A

-can create amnesia for whatever happens during the hypnotic session at least for a brief time
-relieve pain by allowing a person to remove conscious attention from the pain
-alter sensory perceptions
-help people relax in situations that normally would cause them stress

32
Q

theories of hypnosis

A
  1. hypnosis as dissociation–the hidden observer
  2. hypnosis as social role
33
Q

major drug categories

A

stimulants, depressants, narcotics, hallucinogenics

34
Q

stimulants

A

increase functioning of nervous system

35
Q

depressants

A

decrease the functioning of nervous system

36
Q

narcotics

A

opium-related drugs that suppress pain and stimulate nervous system’s sites for endorphins

37
Q

hallucinogenics

A

produce hallucinations or increased feeling of relaxation & intoxication

38
Q

amphetamines

A

stimulant drugs that speed up messages between the brain and body

39
Q

cocaine

A

drug derived from coca plant leaves; induces feelings of euphoria, energy, power, pleasure

withdrawal: mood swing, tiredness, nervousness, compulsive use, loss of control, disregard for consequence of use

40
Q

nicotine

A

mild but toxic stimulate, produces “rush” or sense of arousal

–> raises blood pressure, accelerates the heart, stimulate release of adrenaline
-used as insecticide in 1920s-1930s

41
Q

caffeine

A

stimulant found in coffee, tea, other plant-based substances, chocolate, soda; helps maintain alertness and increases effectiveness of pain relievers

—> cannot make you sober

42
Q

barbiturates/major tranquilizers

A

sedative effect depending on dose; highly addictive, OD can lead to death, withdrawal causes convulsions, combo w/ alcohol or other depressants are dangerous

i.e. Seconal, Nembutal, Amytal

43
Q

benzodiazepines/ minor tranquilizers

A

lower anxiety and reduce stress, safer than barbituates, treat sleep problems, nervousness, anxiety

i.e. Valium, Xanax, Halcion, Ativan, Librium, rohypnol (date rape drug)

44
Q

alcohol

A

chemical resulting from fermention or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter

–> dangers: accidents, crime, liver diseases, etc

–> Korsakoff’s syndrome: form of demention

45
Q

opium

A

pain relieving and euphoria-inducing properties known for over 2,000 yrs

–derived from opoum poppy

46
Q

morphine

A

derived from opium to treat severe pain

47
Q

heroin

A

derived from opoum, more addictive than morphine

48
Q

LSD (lysergc acid diethylamide)

A

from grain fungus, ergot, colors more intense, sounds more beautiful, etc., very potent

49
Q

PCP (phenyl cylohexyl piperidine)

A

feel no warning signal of pain
–> hallucinogen, stimulant, depressant, analgesic

50
Q

MDMA (ecstasy)

A

stimulatory hallucinogenics that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects

–> dehydrate body, raises body temp

51
Q

manufactured highs

A

LSD, PCP, MDMA

52
Q

nonmanufactured highs

A

mescaline, psilocybin, marijuana

53
Q

mescaline

A

button shaped ‘seed’ chewed to produce hallucinogenic effects which can last between 12-18 hours

54
Q

psilocybin

A

hallucinogenic that causes hallucinations and an inability to discern fantasy from reality. Panic reactions and a psychotic-like episode also may occur, particularly if a user ingests a high dose

==comes from certain types of psilocybe mushrooms.

55
Q

marijuana

A

from hemp plant, cannabis satia, induces feeling of well-being, mild intoxication, mild sensory distortions, hallucinations, mild euphoria, relaxation, paranoia, stimulates appetite

PSYC 101 (9 decks)

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