Ch. 5 Learning Flashcards
learning
any relatively permanent
change in behavior brought
about by experience or
practice
classical conditioning
Learning to make an involuntary
(reflex) response to a stimulus
other than the original, natural
stimulus that normally produces
the reflex.
–> Ivan Pavlov
–>Stimulus: Any object, event or experience that causes a response.
–> Response: Reaction of an organism
unconditioned stimulus
A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to a reflex
unconditioned response
Reflex response to a naturally occurring or
unconditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus
has no effect on desired response
conditioned stimulus
able to produce learned reflex by pairing with original
US
conditioned response
learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus
conditioning process
CS must come before UCS.
CS and UCS must come together within 5 seconds or less.
NS paired with UCS several times.
CS is distinctive from other competing stimuli
–>i.e. Bell in a lab setting is not usual.
stimulus generalization
respond to a stimulus that is only SIMILAR to
original conditioned stimulus
stimulus discrimination
stop making generalized response to a stimulus
that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus
extinction
disappearance or weakening of a learned response
followed by removal or unconditioned stimulus
reinforcer
event or object that when following a response,
increases the likelihood of that response occurring
again
spontaneous recovery
reappearance of a learned response after
extinction has occurred
higher order conditioning
strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus
–>neutral stimulus becomes a second conditioned stimulus
conditioned emotional response
type of classical conditioning where emotional response that has become conditioned to occur to learned stimuli
vicarious conditioning
classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person
conditioned taste aversion
development of nausea or
aversive response to a particular
taste because that taste was
followed by a nausea reaction,
occurring only after ONE
association
operant conditioning
learning of voluntary
behavior through the
effects of pleasant
and unpleasant
consequences to
responses.
Thorndike’s Law of Effect : the basic
principle behind learning voluntary behavior
if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will
tend to be repeated. Followed by unpleasant consequence, it
will tend not to be repeated.
Edward Thorndike’s Puzzle Box
apparatus from which the animal could escape and obtain food only by pressing a panel, opening a catch, or pulling on a loop of string.
Lever – stimulus
Push the lever – response
Escape! – consequence
Food! - consequence
B.F.Skinner
coined operant conditioning
–> effect of consequences on behaviorism
–Operant: voluntary behavior
reinforcement
event or stimulus that when following a
response, increases the probability that the
response will occur again
The Skinner Box
enclosed device w/ levers and bars detecting when an animal has performed a desired behavior and then administering a reward
–>determining how long it takes the animal to learn to perform the behavior
primary reinforcer
naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic
biological need
secondary reinforcer
becomes reinforcing after being paired
with a primary reinforcer
positive reinforcement
addition or experiencing pleasurable
stimulus
negative reinforcement
removal, escape from, or avoidance of an
unpleasant stimulus
continuous reinforcement
reinforcement of each and every
correct response
partial reinforcement
tendency for a response that is
reinforced after some, but not all
correct responses to be very resistant
to extinction.
REMINDER:
1. Reinforce immediately.
2. Reinforce only the
desired behavior
