Ch. 5 Learning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

any relatively permanent
change in behavior brought
about by experience or
practice

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

Learning to make an involuntary
(reflex) response to a stimulus
other than the original, natural
stimulus that normally produces
the reflex.
—
–> Ivan Pavlov
–>Stimulus: Any object, event or experience that causes a response.
–> Response: Reaction of an organism

Question 3

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 3

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to a reflex

Question 4

unconditioned response

Answer 4

Reflex response to a naturally occurring or
unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

neutral stimulus

Answer 5

has no effect on desired response

Question 6

conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

able to produce learned reflex by pairing with original
US

Question 7

conditioned response

Answer 7

learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 8

conditioning process

Answer 8

CS must come before UCS.
CS and UCS must come together within 5 seconds or less.
NS paired with UCS several times.
CS is distinctive from other competing stimuli
–>i.e. Bell in a lab setting is not usual.

Question 9

stimulus generalization

Answer 9

respond to a stimulus that is only SIMILAR to
original conditioned stimulus

Question 10

stimulus discrimination

Answer 10

stop making generalized response to a stimulus
that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus

Question 11

extinction

Answer 11

disappearance or weakening of a learned response
followed by removal or unconditioned stimulus

Question 12

reinforcer

Answer 12

event or object that when following a response,
increases the likelihood of that response occurring
again

Question 13

spontaneous recovery

Answer 13

reappearance of a learned response after
extinction has occurred

Question 14

higher order conditioning

Answer 14

strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus
–>neutral stimulus becomes a second conditioned stimulus

Question 15

conditioned emotional response

Answer 15

type of classical conditioning where emotional response that has become conditioned to occur to learned stimuli

Question 16

vicarious conditioning

Answer 16

classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

Question 17

conditioned taste aversion

Answer 17

development of nausea or
aversive response to a particular
taste because that taste was
followed by a nausea reaction,
occurring only after ONE
association

Question 18

operant conditioning

Answer 18

learning of voluntary
behavior through the
effects of pleasant
and unpleasant
consequences to
responses.

Question 19

Thorndike’s Law of Effect : the basic
principle behind learning voluntary behavior

Answer 19

if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will
tend to be repeated. Followed by unpleasant consequence, it
will tend not to be repeated.

Question 20

Edward Thorndike’s Puzzle Box

Answer 20

apparatus from which the animal could escape and obtain food only by pressing a panel, opening a catch, or pulling on a loop of string.

Lever – stimulus
Push the lever – response
Escape! – consequence
Food! - consequence

Question 21

B.F.Skinner

Answer 21

coined operant conditioning
–> effect of consequences on behaviorism
–Operant: voluntary behavior

Question 22

reinforcement

Answer 22

event or stimulus that when following a
response, increases the probability that the
response will occur again

Question 23

The Skinner Box

Answer 23

enclosed device w/ levers and bars detecting when an animal has performed a desired behavior and then administering a reward
–>determining how long it takes the animal to learn to perform the behavior

Question 24

primary reinforcer

Answer 24

naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic
biological need

Question 25

secondary reinforcer

Answer 25

becomes reinforcing after being paired
with a primary reinforcer

Question 26

positive reinforcement

Answer 26

addition or experiencing pleasurable
stimulus

Question 27

negative reinforcement

Answer 27

removal, escape from, or avoidance of an
unpleasant stimulus

Question 28

continuous reinforcement

Answer 28

reinforcement of each and every
correct response

Question 29

partial reinforcement

Answer 29

tendency for a response that is
reinforced after some, but not all
correct responses to be very resistant
to extinction.
REMINDER:
1. Reinforce immediately.
2. Reinforce only the
desired behavior