Ch.1 Vocab & Key Concepts Flashcards
psychology
Scientific study of behavior (overt) & mental processes (covert)
4 goals of psych
describe, explain, predict, control
Wilhelm Wundt
father of psych, attempted to bring objectivity & measurement to psych
structuralism
study of the elements of consciousness (thoughts, experiences, & emotions)
–> consciousness (state of being aware of external events) can be broken down into its basic elements—into its individual emotion & sensations
Edward Titchener
student of Wundt who popularized structuralism
Margaret Washburn
Titchener’s student, 1st woman to earn ph.D in psych
functionalism
how the mind allows people to function in the real world—work, play, adapt
William James
proposed functionalism & showed importance of consciousness to everyday life
gestalt psychology
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Max Wertheimer
studies sensation and perception, postulated that psychological events (perceiving & sensing) can’t be broken down into smaller elements and still be properly understood
psychoanalysis
insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts
–>both theory of personality and the therapy based on it
behaviorism
science of behavior that only focuses on observable behavior
–> Watson thought phobias were learned through conditioning
–> based on Pavlov’s idea of conditioning
history of psych
psych= ~140 yrs old
*philosophers questioned the relationship of the human body & mind
–>Medical doctors studied the physical connection b/ween body & soul
Aristotle—384-322 BC
–>Relationship of body & soul
Plato—427-347 BC
–>Dualism (soul could exist separately from the body)
Rene Des Cartes –17th c
–>Pineal gland (in nervous system) is the seat of the soul
objective introspection
the process of objectively examining & measuring one’s own thoughts & mental activities
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist who showed that a reflex (an involuntary reaction) could be caused to occur in response to a formerly unrelated stimulus
John B. Watson
father of behaviorism, challenged psychoanalysis and functionalist viewpoint, focused on observable behavior
Mary Cover Jones
mother of behavior therapy who conducted an experiment examining desensitization
–> showed that if you can teach phobia, you can reverse it
** & desensitization–> Peter had a fear of white lab rat(similar to little Albert) & able to reverse that fear
Psychodynamic perspective
focuses on development of sense of self, motivation for social/interpersonal relationships
maj theorists: Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Anna Freud
Behavioral perspective
Classical and operant conditioning, concept of reinforcement, focus on observable behavior
behavioral responses that are followed by pleasurable consequences are strengthened, or reinforced (I.e. operant conditioning)
maj theorists: Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, Edward L. Thorndike, B. F. Skinner
Cognitive perspective
Perception, memory, intelligence, thought processes, problem solving, language, learning, the role of the brain and nervous system
maj theorists: Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, Elizabeth Loftus, Howard Gardner, Fergus I. M. Craik, Raymond Cattell, Eleanor Rosch
Cognitive neuroscience
study of the physical workings of the brain and nervous system when engaged in memory, thinking, and other cognitive processes (i.e. functional MRIs and positron emission tomography/ PETs)
Humanistic perspective
The ability of the individual to direct and control his or her own life, free will, self-actualization
maj theorists: Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Natalie Rogers
Sociocultural perspective
Relationship between social behavior and the contexts of family, social groups, and culture
–> combines two areas of study: social psychology, which is the study of groups, social roles, and rules of social actions and relationships, and cultural psychology, which is the study of cultural norms, values, and expectations (i.e. bystander effect study & diiffusion of responsibility)
maj theorists: Lev Vygotsky, John Darley, Bibb Latané, Albert Bandura, Leon Festinger, Henri Tajfel, Philip Zimbardo, Stanley Milgram
Biopsychological perspective
Influences of genetics, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system on human and animal behavior (i.e. human sexual orientation may be related to the developing baby’s exposure in the womb to testosterone, especially in females)
maj theorists:
Paul Broca, Charles Darwin, Michael Gazzaniga, Roger Sperry, Carl Wernicke, S. Marc Breedlove, Lisa Feldman Barrett
Evolutionary perspective
The biological bases for universal mental characteristics that are shared by all humans
–> seeks to explain general mental strategies and traits, such as why we lie, how attractiveness influences mate selection, why fear of snakes is so common, or why people universally like music and dancing; why people avoid eating bitter plants/poisonous plants and end passing that on as a gene)
maj theorists: David Buss, Richard Dawkins, Leda Cosmides, Robert Trivers, David C. Geary, Todd K. Shackelford, Daved F. Bjorklund, Anne Campbell, Susan Oyama
Psychiatrist
Has medical degree , diagnosis & treatment of psychological disorders , can prescribe medicine
–>provide diagnosis and treatment for persons with mental disorders
Psychoanalyst
Psychiatrist or psychologist, special training in theories of Freud
Psychiatric social worker
Trained in area of social work usually has M.S.W; focus on environmental conditions’ impact on mental disorders
Psychologist
No medical training but has a doctorate degree; can do counseling, teaching, and research and may specialize in any one of a large number of areas within psychology.
Institutional review boards (IRB):
groups of psychologists or other professionals who look over each proposed research study & judge it according to its safety and consideration for the participants in the study
ethical guidelines
- Right and well-being of participants must be weighed against the study’s value to science
- Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation –> informed consent
- Deception must be justified (debrief)
- Participants may withdraw from the study at any time
- Participants must be protected from risks or told explicitly of risks
- Investigators must debrief participants–> tell true nature of the study & expectations of results
7.Data must remain confidential
participants in research early in psychology’s history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its color, shape, and texture and other aspects of their conscious experience. These individuals would have been using a method called ________.
objective introspection
Freud stressed the importance of ________.
early childhood experiences
Which of the following statements is correct?
a. A psychologist has no medical training.
b. An M.D. and a Ph.D. are pretty much the same thing.
c. Psychiatric social workers can prescribe medication.
d. A psychiatrist generally goes to graduate school, not medical school.
A psychologist has no medical training.
Dr. Braunz has been treating a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. She decides to write a prescription for Ritalin. Given this information, it is most likely that Dr. Braunz is a ________.
psychiatrist
Which of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association?
a. Participants cannot be subjected to shock of any kind.
b. Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision.
c. Participants may not withdraw once they start.
d. Participants cannot be deceived about aspects of the research
Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision.
Each of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association EXCEPT ________.
a. participants must be informed of the nature of the research in clearly understandable language
b. participants cannot be deceived or have information concealed from them at any time during an experiment
c. informed consent must be documented
d. risks, possible adverse effects, and limitations on confidentiality must be spelled out in advance
participants cannot be deceived or have information concealed from them at any time during an experiment
basic research
research for the sake of gaining scientific knowledge
applied research
research aimed at answering real-world, practical problems
