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PSYC 101 > Ch. 13 Personality > Flashcards

Ch. 13 Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

personality

A

the unique way individuals think, feel, and act

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2
Q

4 main perspectives

A

psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, trait

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3
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

focuses on the role of the unconscious mind in the development
of personality

–>conflicts between the demands of the id and the rules and restrictions of the superego lead to anxiety for the ego, which uses defense mechanisms to deal with that anxiety
–focused on biological causes of personality differences
–Sig. Freud

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4
Q

Divisions of the mind

A

preconscious, unconscious,conscious

Preconscious
–Memories, information & events of which one can easily become
aware.
Conscious
–Current awareness
Unconscious
–Thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept.
–Not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness.
–Surfacing in symbolic form in dreams and in some behavior people
engage in without knowing why we have done so.

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5
Q

Divisions of personality

A

ID, ego, superego

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6
Q

ID

A

if it feels good, do it

Present at birth and completely unconscious.
 Libido
 the instinctual energy that may come into conflict
with the demands of a society’s standards for
behavior.
 Pleasure-seeking, amoral part of personality
 Contains all basic biological drives: hunger,
thirst self-preservation, sex (pleasure drive).
 Pleasure principle
 Desire for immediate gratification of needs
with no regard for the consequences

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7
Q

psychological defense mechanisms

A

ways of dealing with anxiety

–>denial
–>repression
–>rationalization
–>projection
–>reaction, formation
–>displacement
–>regression
–>identification
–>compensation
–> sublimation

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8
Q

Defense mechanisms: denial

A

refusal to recognize or acknowledge a threatening situation

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9
Q

Defense mechanisms: repression

A

“pushing” threatening or conflicting events or situations out of conscious memory.

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10
Q

Defense mechanisms: projection

A

placing one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts belonged to them and not to oneself.

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11
Q

Defense mechanisms: rationalization

A

making up acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior.

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12
Q

ego

A

executive director
Develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious rational and logical.
 Reality Principle–>Satisfaction of the demands of the id only
when negative
consequences will not
result

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13
Q

superego

A

watchdog

Acts as a moral center
 Develops as pre-school aged kids learn the rules, customs and expectations of society.
 Ego ideal
 part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior.
 Contains the CONSCIENCE

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14
Q

5 psychosexual stages

A

oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital

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15
Q

oral stage

A

Dominated by the id.
▫ mouth - erogenous zone
▫ weaning is primary
conflict chewing
▫ Oral fixation

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16
Q

anal stage

A

Anal stage – one to three
years, ego develops
▫ Anus erogenous zone
 Pleasure from withholding
and releasing feces at will.
▫ toilet training conflict
▫ expulsive personality
 Will defecate when and
where the child wants.
 Rebellious
 Messiness is control
 Destructive & hostile
▫ retentive personality–no mess, no punishment

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17
Q

phallic

A

three to six years,
superego develops
▫ Erogenous zone, genitals
▫ Know differences in sexes
▫ Develop normal genital
stimulation/ masturbation
▫ sexual feelings
▫ Castration anxiety (Boys)
▫ Penis envy (Girls)
▫ Oedipus complex
 Attraction to mom jealous of dad.
▫ Resolution: repress (sexual attraction to mom) & identify (with dad)
▫ Immature sexual attitude as adult, promiscuous, vain mama’s boy

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18
Q

latent

A

6-puberty
▫ sexual feelings repressed,
same-sex play, social skills
▫ Develop physically, intellectually, socially but not sexually

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19
Q

genital

A

puberty
sexual feelings consciously
expressed
▫ Diffculties:
 Immature love or
indiscriminate hate.
 Uncontrollable working or
inability to work.

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20
Q

Neo-Freudians

A

Altered the focus of psychoanalysis to the impact
of the social environment.
▫ Freud’s term for both the theory of personality
and the therapy based on it.
* Retained concepts of id, ego and superego and
defense mechanisms,

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21
Q

Carl Gustav Jung

A

personal unconscious and COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS
▫ Memories shared by all members of the human
species. (species or racial memory)
* Archetypes–>▫ Collective, human memories.
 Anima/animus (feminine, masculine)
 Shadow/persona (dark side of personality/ personality
shown to the world)

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22
Q

What are the 13 archetypes?

A

1)The father: Stern, powerful, controlling
2)The mother: Feeding, nurturing, soothing
3)The child: Birth, beginnings, salvation
4)The hero: Rescuer, champion
5)The maiden: Purity, desire
6)The wise old man: Knowledge, guidance
7)The magician: Mysterious, powerful
8)The earth mother: Nature
9)The witch or sorceress: Dangerous
10)The trickster: Deceiving, hidden
11)The faithful dog: Unquestioning loyalty
12)The enduring horse: Never giving up
13)The devious cat: Self-serving

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23
Q

Alfred Adler

A

as young helpless children, people all develop feelings of inferiority when comparing themselves to the more powerful, superior adults in their world.
* Seeking of superiority is the driving force behind humans

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24
Q

Defense mechanism compensation

A

Overcoming feelings of inferiority in one area of life by achieving in another
aspect of life

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25
Q

How does birth order affect personality?

A

–>1st born with younger sibling : inferior feeling when attention is given to
younger; overcompensate by achieving
–>Middle child : easier; superior over dethroned child & dominating other
siblings; very competitive
–>Younger child : pampered, protected, feel inferior (no responsibility, no
freedom)

26
Q

Karen Horney

A

developed concept of womb envy- men need to compensate for inability to bear children

  • Basic Anxiety
    ▫ Created when a child is born into the bigger & more powerful world of older children and adults.
  • Neurotic personalities
    ▫ Personalities typified by maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships.
     Dependent & clingy, aggressive, demanding & cruel, move away from people
27
Q

Erik Erikson’s stages of personality development

A

basic trust vs. mistrust (oral)
autonomy vs. shame/doubt (anal)
initiative vs. guilt (phallic)
industry vs. inferiority (latency)
identity vs. role confusion (genital)
intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood)
generativity vs. stagnation (adulthood)
ego integrity vs. despair (maturity)

28
Q

Modern Psychoanalytic Theory

A

current research has found support for…
▫ defense mechanisms
▫ concept of unconscious mind that can influence conscious behavior

29
Q

What are some criticisms of psychodynamic theory?

A

▫No experiments–> difficult to conduct, difficult to operationally define concepts + finding evidence for unconscious mind
▫ Free association
▫ Wealthy Victorian women were primary client

30
Q

Behaviorist view of personality

A

Personality is nothing more than a set of learned responses or habits
▫ Set of well-learned responses that have become
automatic.
* Parent disciplines the child  Punishment 
Generalization to other adults

31
Q

Social cognitive learning view of personality

A

influence of social and cognitive factors on learning

Importance of influences of other people’s
behavior and of a person’s own expectancies on
learning.
▫ Observational learning
 Albert Bandura (Bobo doll)
▫ Modeling

32
Q

Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism
& Self-efficacy

A

people seek to develop a sense of agency and exert control over the important events in their lives.

33
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

how the factors of
environment, personal
characteristics, and behavior
can interact to determine
future behavior

34
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Individual’s expectancy of how
effective his or her efforts to
acomlpish a goal will be in any
particular circumstance.
▫ May be high or low depending on
success or failure

35
Q

Rotter’s Social Learning Theory:
Expectancies

A

People are motivated to seek reinforcement & avoid punishment (Based on Thorndlike’s Law of Effect)
* Personality is a relatively stable set of potential responses to various
situations.
* Expectancy: A person’s subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a
reinforcing consequence.
* Locus of control: Tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do
not have control over events and consequences in their lives.
▫ Internal or external

36
Q

humanism

A

Aspects of personality that make people uniquely human.
Subjective feelings and freedom of choice

37
Q

Carl Rogers & Self-concept

A

Self-actualizing tendency
▫ Human beings are always striving to fulfill their
innate capacities & capabilities & to become
everything that their genetic potential will allow
them to become.
* Self-concept
▫ Important tool in self-actualizing
▫ Image of oneself that develops from interactions
with important, significant people in one’s life.

38
Q

Real self

A

One’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, & abilities

39
Q

Ideal Self

A

One’s perception of whom one should be or would like to be. Usually from important people in our life

40
Q

Positive regard

A

Warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant
others in one’s life.
▫ Important to cope with stress, and achieve self-actualization

41
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Positive regard given without conditions or strings attached

42
Q

Conditional positive regard

A

positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the
providers of positive regard wish

43
Q

Fully functioning person

A

A person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost
urges and feelings.
▫ Experiencing match between real and ideal self. On the road to self-
actualization

44
Q

Raymond Cattell & 16 Personality Factors (PF)

A

1.Abstractedness: Imaginative versus practical
2.Apprehension: Worried versus confident
3.Dominance: Forceful versus submissive
4.Emotional stability: Calm versus high-strung
5.Liveliness: Spontaneous versus restrained
6.Openness to change: Flexible versus attached to the familiar
7.Perfectionism: Controlled versus undisciplined
8.Privateness: Discreet versus open
9.Reasoning: Abstract versus concrete
10.Rule-consciousness: Conforming versus non-conforming
11.Self-reliance: Self-sufficient versus dependent
12.Sensitivity: Tender-hearted versus tough-minded
13.Social boldness: Uninhibited versus shy
14.Tension: Inpatient versus relaxed
15.Vigilance: Suspicious versus trusting
16.Warmth: Outgoing versus reserved

45
Q

Gordon Allport

A

central traits work together to shape a person’s personality; developed a list of about 200 traits and believed that these traits were part of the nervous system.

46
Q

Costa & McCrae’s Five Factor
Model or The Big 5

A

1) Openness : willingness to try new things & be open to new experiences
2) Conscientiousness : care of a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others;
dependability.
3) Extraversion : one’s need to be with other people.
4) Agreeableness : easygoing, friendly, likeable, grumpy, crabby, unpleasant 5) Neuroticism : emotional stability or instability

47
Q

Trait-situation interaction

A

Assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will iinfluence the way in which a trait is expressed

48
Q

behavioral genetics

A

Field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics

49
Q

Biology of Personality

A

50% of personality traits
inherited
* 50% environmental influences
* Culture has impact on
personality traits

50
Q

What did the Minnesota Twin Study say about the biology of personality?

A

identical (Monozygotic) twins are more similar than fraternal (Dizygotic) twins in intelligence, leadership abilities, following rules, assertiveness, aggressiveness

51
Q

What do adoption studies say about the biology of personality?

A

Genetic influences account for a great deal of personality development regardless of shared or nonshared environments

52
Q

Halo effect

A

Tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client’s behavior & statements

53
Q

Projective Test

A

Presentation of ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind.
* Low reliability, validity
* Projection
▫ Defense mechanism involving placing or projecting one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if thoughts actually belonged
to those others and not to oneself

54
Q

Behavioral Assessments

A

Direct observation
▫ Professional observes the client engaged in
ordinary day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or
natural setting.
* Rating scale
▫ Numerical value is assigned to specific behavior
that is listed in the scale.
* Frequency count
▫ Frequency of a particular behavor is counted

55
Q

Personality Inventories

A

Paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements
that require a specific standardized response from the person taking
the test.
–> MBTI
–> MMPI (validity scales that indicate honesty)

56
Q

Defense mechanisms: reaction, formation

A

forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is the opposite of one’s threatening or unacceptable actual thoughts.

57
Q
A
58
Q

Defense mechanisms: displacement

A

expressing feelings that would be threatening if directed at the real target onto a less threatening substitute target.

59
Q

Defense mechanisms: regression

A

falling back on childlike patterns as a way of coping with stressful situations.

60
Q

Defense mechanisms: identification

A

trying to become like someone else to deal with one’s anxiety.

61
Q

Defense mechanisms: compensation (substitution)

A

trying to make up for areas in which a deficit is perceived by becoming superior in some other area.

62
Q

Defense mechanisms: sublimation

A

turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior

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